Abstract: We used Tasmania as a case example to question the consensus that few marine species have
recently become extinct or are approaching extinction. Threats to marine and estuarine speciesâprimarily
in the form of climate change, invasive species, fishing, and catchment dischargesâare accelerating, fully
encompass species ranges, and are of sufficient magnitude to cause extinction. Our ignorance of declining
biodiversity in the marine environment largely results from an almost complete lack of systematic broad-scale
sampling and an overreliance on physicochemical data to monitor environmental trends. Population declines
for marine species approaching extinction will generally go unnoticed because of the hidden nature of their
environment and lack of quantitative data.