ࡱ> @ bjbj "uu....Lz<RRRRRRRR1333333$R@lWRRWRRlzzzLRR1z1zzRF p[G.:@90O:z,$RXz\` RRRWW$H N$Hz N4Terrestrial habitat types 4.2. Lowland moist flooded broadleaf forest General description and geographic variation Flooded forest is "any wetland with a significant component of woody vegetation that is inundated or saturated by surface- or groundwater, freshwater, or tidal water at such a frequency and duration that under natural conditions it supports organisms adapted to poorly aerated or saturated soil." Structural characteristics that recur in flooded forests are presence of monospecific stands such as palm swamp, even-canopied forests, and sharp vegetation zonations. It is common to find that trees in flooded forests develop sclerophylly (firm, thickened leaf) due to poor nutrition or water limitations, or gas exchange structures such as pneumatophores, lenticels, knees, aerial roots, swelling of base of trees, surface or aerial roots in order to overcome poor soil aeration, or support structures, e.g., plank buttresses and stilt roots to provide stability in muddy or steep conditions. Tree heights can vary greatly, between 1-50 m in mangrove stands, depending on the severity of environmental stress (Lugo, 1990). Flooded forest systems are a regular feature of the low-lying coastal areas in the West Indies, southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America. In Mexico, most forested wetlands are concentrated in the coastal plain of southern Veracruz, Tabasco, and Campeche. In Central America, most of the lowlands and the major river systems are found on the Atlantic slopes (De la Rosa, 1995). Along Atlantic and Pacific coasts, swamps of fresh or brackish water with Rhizophora, Conocarpus, Pelliciera, Prioria and the palms Manicaria and Raphia are found in Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Inland swamp forests are found in the NW of Progresso and SW of Lago de Izabal in Guatemala, and along the eastern shore of Lake Nicaragua and south of El Castillo in Nicaragua (Davis et al., 1999). In South America, the greatest extent of flooded forest occurs in Amazonia, covering at least 150,000 square kilometers, about 3% of the total Amazon rainforest (Goulding, 1993). Other flooded forests are found in the Orinoco basin, the alluvial overflow plains in central depressions of the Llanos of Venezuela and Colombia, the Choc biogeographic region of Colombia including the delta of the Rio Atrato to the north and the delta of the Ro Pata to the south, the wetlands in SW of Lago Maracaibo in Venezuela, the Llanos de Moxos of Bolivia, and the Pantanal. These areas are all characterized by complex mosaics of wetlands, savannas, and flooded forests. In the Caribbean woody swamp vegetation is reported from the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Small stands of swamp forests occur in the Lesser Antilles (Bacon, 1990). The total rainfall and its distribution patterns are the principal climatic factor that determines the geographic variation of the size of flooded forest ecosystem. In Central America, streams are short with small catchment basins and low total discharge. The western part of Central America receives much less precipitation than the east, the riparian forests are in general fairly small. In northern South America, eastern Central America and the upper Amazon, the amount of rainfall allows medium size flooded forest ecosystems. In the lower Amazon, with rivers originating in the Andes, the aseasonal high rainfall is the cause of the largest and most extensive flooded forest system. From Cerrado to the Gran Chaco, with diminishing precipitation in the interior of South America, the flood forests are relatively small ecosystems. Community types/zonation and major gradients within the system (patterns) Flooded forests can be grouped into riverine, fringe and basin types. Riverine flooded forest depends on seasonal river floods such as vrzea or gapo. Fringe flooded forest grows on oceanic and lake shorelines where water flows are bidirectional, e.g. tidally flooded forest, or freshwater tidal swamp forest. Basin flooded forest is found in depressions where water accumulates and may fluctuate in depth depending on the balance of rainfall runoff and evapotranspiration, e.g. aguajal (Lugo, 1990). Based on the length of the hydroperiod, flooded forests can be grouped into permanently inundated swamp forest and periodically inundated marsh forest. Swamp forest is usually found on soils that have high water table, e.g., Mauritia flexuosa (palm) swamp in Trinidad grows on land perpetually inundated with 30 to 100 cm of water; while marsh forest occurs in areas subjected to inundation during rainy season. Species richness generally decreases with increasing hydroperiod. Based on the type of dominant species, swamp forests can be conveniently divided into two types: forests dominated by hardwood species and those dominated by palms. Dominance by palms becomes stronger with increasing hydroperiod or soil moisture conditions (Bacon, 1990; Lugo et al., 1990). Ecological integrity factors for landscape context Table xxx. Ecological integrity factors for landscape context of Lowland Moist Flooded Broadleaf Forest Key FactorJustification for Factor SelectionEcological Thresholds: (Minimum Integrity Threshold) Justification for Threshold Determination (e.g., Natural Range of Variation)Indicators for Field-Based MonitoringFactor PriorityFlood regime: variation of water level due to hydroperiodHydroperiod- the duration, magnitude, frequency or season of flooding- regulates the succession of ecological processes and physical, chemical and biotic changes in both river, floodplain, and estuary environments. Species diversity is strongly correlated with gradients of flooding depth and duration (Goulding, 1993; Lewis et al., 2000; Lugo et al., 1990).Study patterns of tree rings (e.g., Macrolobium acaciifolium, Genipa spruceana) to help reconstruct historic range of flooding intervals in the past 100-150 years. Duration of flooding: A few days to permanent inundation, depending on the area, e.g., in Amazon floodplain: 6-7 months (Goulding, 1993). Flood (normal or catastrophic) return interval: x year(s), e.g., the Cienaga Grande in Colombia has extreme cyclic flooding of 6-7 years (Bacon, 1990). Depth of water level: 7-13 m /year in Amazon basin (Goulding, 1993).Population decline of keystone (faunal sp.) or dominant tree species. Monitor species dependent on rare events (habitat complexity measure).[Experts, would you please give a few examples of species and methods of measuring habitat complexity or habitat use efficiency or references on this subject. Thanks.) Water level gauge for measuring annual pulse.[Pulse triggers the reproduction of catfish and characid, caiman and turtles.) Remote sensing to measure nutrient flux in large river systems. Consultation with local communities on pattern and frequency of hydroperiod.HighTopographyTopography- position on the landscape e.g. in depressions or on ridges, and elevation- determines extent of tidal penetration, and local flood regimes ( water level, water retention time, and extension of flooding), variation in river flow, erosion and sediment deposits, habitats and vegetation zones (Daly and Mitchell, 2000; Godoy et al., 1999; Lewis et al.,2000; Lugo et al., 1990).Altitudinal intervals (in meters) that define different vegetation zones.See topographic mapHighSlope Affects fluvial dynamics.Channel dynamics (= fluvial dynamics?)The rate of channel change or lateral migration of meanders is important for creating habitat mosaics such as oxbow lakes, levees, seasonal lakes, canals, forested terraces, diverse biotic communities and successional patterns (Henderson and Robertson, 1999).Frequency of natural disturbance, e.g., tectonic activities of the Andes (Linna, 1993). Extent of natural disturbance, e.g., accreation of 100 m/yr of sea level on the Surinam coast (Bacon, 1990).Indicator species of early succession on recent sediments (allogenic successional species) in the upper Amazonia: Gynerium sagittatum (Daly and Mitchell, 2000) and Salix humboltiana (Salix needs new sediment to establish roots). Indicator species of autogenic succession: all species that cannot grow on sediments. [Experts, please give a few species names as examples. Thanks.] HighGeomorphology/ soil type Determine river types, e.g., black water river, white water river, and clear water river, nutrient contents, pH, sediment loads, and species composition and diversity of biotic communities (Daly and Mitchell, 2000; Goulding, 1993; Terborgh and Andresen, 1998). (The hard iron oxide and sandstone in Amazon floodplain may be the reason that rivers in floodplain do not meander freely.) Range of pH in white water rivers: >=7 (basic) See geology, hydrology and soil mapsMedium Upland, upstream & downstream vegetation continuityImportant for providing refugees for terrestrial animals and maintaining population size of organisms that rely on water as dispersal agent for their propagules during flooding season.Distance/area of the flooded water extending into the adjacent upland forest on river bank: ca. 20 km2 in the Amazon basin.See vegetation mapMediumLateral connectivity within wetland associated system. Affects interaction between aquatic and terrestrial systems. High lateral connectivity: permanent exchange of water between river and floodplain, but little change of species composition. Medium connectivity: connected once a year during peak floods, with limited exchange of nutrients and biota. Low connectivity: connected during extreme floods, only once in 20-30 years. Extreme events can change biota completely.Fire regimeFire-flood stress during high water and fire stress during low water can occur. (e.g., in Pantanal)Need studies of fire scars and tree ring structure to reconstruct fire history and natural fire intervals to establish site-specific baseline for fire management.Hydrological connectivityAffects fish movement during inundation along river channels to colonize additional floodplains.Watershed shape Ecological integrity factors for condition Table xxx. Ecological integrity factors for condition of Lowland Moist Flooded Broadleaf Forest Key FactorJustification for Factor SelectionEcological Thresholds: (Minimum Integrity Threshold)Justification for Threshold Determination (e.g., Natural Range of Variation)Indicators for Field-Based MonitoringFactor PriorityAge of floodplain forestsIndicates the successional stage of floodplain forest and its ecological stability.Floodplain forest reaches maturity in >= 400 years.Mature forests contain tree species of 400 years old (evidence from tree rings).Species composition of floodplain forestA good indicator of the health of the forest. Affects forest canopy litter production. Maintain mutualism between fruit-eating fishes and fruiting trees. Tree species diversity varys with flood gradient. Higher species diversity has been observed in high levees. In Manaus, about 200 tree species; while in Tefe area, about 400 tree species. (Experts, please indicate the unit of the area (x ha. or xxxm2) of measured tree species, the size class of tree species (DBH), and literature citation. Thanks.)Indicators of forests that have been selectively cut: presence of abundant fig trees. [Experts, any particular species of fig trees? ] or hollow-centered hardwood tree species.Species composition of fish community: fruit-eating fishes.Important for maintaining diversity of tree species that depends on fishes as dispersal agents. About 20% of fish species of the Amazon floodplain are fruit-eaters. (Experts, please provide literature citation. Thanks.] Spectrum of age/size classes: presence of all age or size classes with high proportion of small size individuals. Consultation with fishermen on fish populations and changes in harvested amounts. Monitor the population of tambaki (Colossoma macropomum), an obligatory fruiteating species that will leave the area where is deficient in fruit trees. Change in size classes of fish is often an indicator of change in available food and trophic structure. Species composition of fish community: migratory fishes.Sensitive to large-scale connectivityThreshold: maintain connectivity up to 2000 km for some catfishes [Experts, please indicate scientific names of some catfishes. Thanks.)Consultation with fishermen on fish populations and changes in harvested amounts. Monitor the population of catfishes (900,000 tons /yr. fishes harvested in the entire Amazon basin). [Experts, please provide literature citation for 900,000 tons/yr. Thanks.] Commercial fishing of catfishes? Paiche? has reduced from 50,000 tons to 5,000 tons/yr. [Experts, please provide literature citation for the figures. Thanks.)Water chemistryThe water quality determined by pH, salinity, dissolved and suspended sediment, and nutrient quantities of nitrogen, carbon and phosphate, affects species composition and biodiversity of biotic communities of flooded forests (Daly and Mitchell, 2000; Goulding, 1993).  Rich, medium, low Dominant swamp species, e.g., mangle or palm species or hardwood species.HighWater transparencyControls the optical environments important for phytoplankton growth, nutrient cycling, species abundance and composition of fish communities by nonvisual predators or visual predators (Goulding, 1993; Lewis et al.,2000)Presence of phytoplaktonHighWater current flow rateAffects species composition and diversity of fish communitiesHighWater sourceDetermines the energy level of aquatic systemRainfall: low energy Upland river: high energy.Biotic omponents: host species, resident biota, migrants, and canopy fauna. (Experts, please give a few examples of host species, resident biota, migrants and canopy fauna of the sites you know. Thanks).Important to the function of wetlands. Host species are wetland-dependent. Without wetlands, there will not be any host species. They are the most important part of wetland biodiversity. Migrants are occasional visitors and canopy fauna specializes on specific trees but independent of wetlands. They all contribute to the array of species diversity of the flooded forests. Experts, please provide some examples of thresholds from sites you know or from literature. Thanks.Presence of viable populations of herbivores, e.g., capybaras, manatees, and turtles. Feed on aquatic macrophytes that support invertebrate community, production and succession. Herbivores are Important for trophic structure and nutrient cycling.Census of populations of manatees, primates, and invertebrates.MediumPresence of viable population o, top predators (e.g., otters, dolphins, caimans, jaguars, or osprey).Important for trophic structure and nutrient cycling. Sensitive to biocumulative toxins.Estimated (an educated guess) minimum number of breeding pairs in a local population for maintaining genetic pool is 500 pairs. [Experts, what species are you referring?] Jaguars often take preys in wet and waterside habitats. Studies indicate that they spent about 70% of their time in forest located at a mean distance of 0.5 km from water (Emmons, 1991). Estimated jaguar density in relatively undisturbed forests: 1/15 km2 in Belize, 1/64 km2 in the Brazilian Pantanal. Populations of black caiman have declined significantly due to hunting. The density of black caiman in 6 localities of Amazonian Ecuador range from 5 to 280 per km2. (Experts, please provide literature citation. Thanks.).Census of populations of birds, boto dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), caiman nests. Consultation with local fishermen and hunters.MediumPresence of exotic species, e.g., water buffaloes.Affects reparian vegetation. Water buffaloes feed on shoots, and therefore have detrimental effects on vegetation.  Ecological integrity factors for size Table xxx. Ecological integrity factors for size of Lowland Moist Flooded Broadleaf Forest Key FactorsJustification for Factor SelectionEcological Thresholds: Min. Dynamic Area Desired Future Condition (Increase in MDA to Rate Good or Very Good)Justifications or Recommendations for Calculating Minimum Dynamic Area (MDA) and Desired Sizes above MDAIndicators for Field-Based MonitoringFactor PriorityExample: Mean and Maximum Fire Disturbance Area Fire is the principal disturbance regime and occurs with regularity.20,000 ha = MDA Good = 2x MDA Very Good = 3x MDA20,000 ha is the maximum recorded fire disturbance for this system; most fires affect areas smaller by a factor of 10. Considering our uncertainty about future interactions of fire and invasive species in grasslands, it is believed a buffer of 3X the minimum dynamic area is ideal (Desired Future Condition)Areal photography at 3-5 year intervalsHighMinimum size of floodplain forest Forests serve as current breaks or fire breaks. Floodplain forest is an important habitat to canopy fauna or invertebrates adapted to canopy. Shading by forests affects phytoplankton production. Refuge for animals during low water. Sufficient forest cover to help reduce energy in the river system during flood, and maintain ecological processes of biotic exchanges.Experts, please provide descriptions or some examples of thresholds from the site you know well or from literature. Thanks.High Additional information Table xxx. Known occurrences or range distribution of large community types of the Flooded Forest System in LAC Type of flooded forests in LACCommon nameLocationAcoelorraphe wrightii Tique palm swampTikal (Honduras)Patchily distributed in the Caribbean (southern Florida and Cuba), and on the Atlantic coast of Mexico (the Yucatn Peninsula, Tabasco, and southeast Veracruz), Beliz, Guatemala, Honduras (Rio Platano), Nicaragua (South of El Castillo), and Costa Rica.Annona glabra associationWidely distributed, from central Veracruz to western Tabasco, and in isolated patches in Campeche and southern Quintana Roo.Attalea butyracea/ A. cohune palm swampWidespread in Mexico (Oxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, the Yucatn Peninsula. EO: Bajo de Papaloapan , along the Ro Usumacinta and its tributaries in N and NE Chiapas and adjacent areas of Tabasco), Central America (Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Guatemala, Pacific coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica (dry forests of Guanacaste and Puntarenas), and northern South America in Trinidad, Tobago, Colombia (valleys of Ro Cauca and Magdalena, Caribbean lowlands, eastern plains and Amazon region), the Llanos of Venezuela.Bactris swampPantanal, Honduras, Colombia (Magdalena river in Caribbean region.)Bravaisia integerrima forestCanacoital (Mexico)Southern Tabasco and northern Chiapas, MexicoBucida buceras associationPuktal (Mexico)Isolated patches between the Mamantel and Candelaria rivers in Campeche, in southern Champotn of Campeche, and around the Ascensin and Espritu Santo Bays in Quintana RooCampnosperma panamensis forestSajal (Colombia)Colombia (Nario, Valle del Cauca, Choc)Copernicia alba palm swampThe Chaco region of Paraguay and adjacent countries: Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), and Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Santa F)Carapa guianensis dominated forestTangarial (Colombia)Colombia (Choc Biogeographic region) Elaeia oleifera palm swampSmall aggregations throughout Central America and northern South America. Erythrina glauca swampHonduras, Panama, Trinidad (western margin of Nariva Swamp), Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela (on levees in the lower Orinoco delta, and in the upper delta)Euterpe oleraceae Naidi swampNaidizal (Colombia)Colombia (Choc Biogeographic region, in the delta of the Ro Pata)Freshwater tidal swamp forestHondurasHaematoxylum campechianum forest/ swampTintal/ Bajos or Acalches (Mexico)Cover large areas, ca. 1/3 of central and southern Campeche and central Quintana Roo, MexicoIgapoAmazon basin (Ro Negro, the lower Ro Branco), Orinoco basin Manicaria saccifera palm swampTemichal (Venezuela),Truli bush (Guyana)Patchily distributed throughout the Caribbean coasts of Central America and northern South America: in Guatemala, Belize (Temesh River estuary), Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (between Tortuguero and Barra del Colorado, a density of 663-910 stems/ha in Tortuguero), Panama, Guyana, Venezuela (behind the mangrove covered Lower Orinoco delta and Cerro Marahuaca),Trinidad and Tobago.Marsh forestWest Indies, TrinidadMauritia flexuosa palm swampMorichal (Colombia, Venezuela), Cananguchal (Amazona Colombiana), Aguajal, (Peru), Buritizal (Brazil)Widely but sporadically distributed throughout northern South America lowlands, east of the Andes, especially in the Amazon region. Large patches are found in Venezuela (Orinoco River basin, especially the lower and central delta), Colombia Llanos, eastern Peru (e.g. Rio Ucayali, with total area greater than 1 million hectares; in the Peruvian Amazon, 6-8 million hectares), and Brazil (Rio Branco and delta of Amazon).Metopium brownei association Chechenal (Mexico)Northern YucatanMontrichardia arborescens Arracacho matorralColombia (Nario, Choc Biogeographic region, in the delta of the Ro Pata)Mora excelsa forest (marsh forest), &/ or M. megistosperma Nato forestNatal (Colombia), Mora forestWest Indies, Trinidad, the Guianas, Costa Rica (Osa Penisula), Panama (Darien), Colombia (Nario).Otoba gordoniaefolia swampGuandal (Colombia)Colombia (Choc Biogeographic region, in the delta of the Ro Pata)Pachira aquatica associationZapotonal (Mexico)Mexico (along Gulf of Mexico from Veracruz to Yucatan and Quintana Roo, and Pacific coast from Nayarit to Chiapas, large stand in La Encrucijada, Chiapas)Palm Marsh forestWest Indies, Trinidad, Guyana, Jamaica (in the Black River morass area)Perched water table forestColombia (Magdalena valley)Prioria copaifera Cativo swamp forestCativo swamp or Catival (Panama, Colombia)Belize, Panama (Darien), Costa Rica (on the Caribbean shore, Cerro Tortuguero, Rio Colorado), Colombia (Choc Biogeographic region, in the delta of the Ro Atrato)Pterocarpus officinalis Suela swamp forestCosta Rica (Limon), Panama, Puerto Rico ( between Luquillo and Bergen), Guadeloupe, Trinidad, the Guianas, Venezuela (lower Orinoco delta), Colombia (tributaries of the lower Magdalena River, Cienaga Grande, and the delta of Ro Atrato)Raphia taedigera Pangana palm swampPanganal (Colombia), Yolillal (Costa Rica)Large patches found in the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America in Nicaragua (Zelaya), Costa Rica (e.g., the Golfo Dulce region, the total area of yolillal in Costa Rica is about 600 km2), and Panama. In South America, large stands are found in the estuary of Ro Atrato, the Golfo de Uraba region, in northwestern Colombia (Antioquia, Choc) and the Amazon River delta (Par).Roystonea oleracea palm swampLesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Barbados), Trinidad, Tobago, northern Venezuela, and northeastern ColombiaSeasonally flooded riparian/ riverine/ gallery forestLowlands of Veracruz, Tabasco, and parts of Campeche, MexicoSwamp gallery forestNortheastern Mato Grosso, BrazilSymphonia globulifera forest (marsh forest)Coastal plain of Guyana and Surinam, Venezuela (lower Orinoco delta)Tidal varzeaEstuaries of the Ro Amazonas, and the Ro OrinocoTriplaris surinamensis- Bonafousia tetrastacha forest (marsh forest)Coastal plain of Guyana and SurinamVarzeaAmazon basin (Ro Solimes-Maraon, Ro Solimes-Amazonas, the Madeira, the Purus, between the Japur and I rivers), Orinoco basinVirola spp.Cuangarial (Colombia)Colombia (Choc Biogeographic region, in the delta of the Ro Pata)Sources of Information: Alverez-Lopez, 1990; Bacon, 1990; Brinson, 1990; Daly & Mitchell, 2000; Greller, 2000; Henderson et al., 1995; Lot and Novelo, 1990; Lugo, 1990; Myers, 1990; Pennington and Sarukhn, 1998; Polak, 1992. Table xxx. TNC Platform Sites with lowland moist flooded broadleaf forest TNC platform site CountryBocas del Toro Conservation AreaPanamaRio Bravo Conservation and Management AreaBelizeSerra Do Divisor National ParkBrazilRio Platano Biosphere ReserveHondurasSian Ka'an Biosphere ReserveMexicoCanaima National ParkVenezuelaPacaya_Samiria National ParkPeruLaguna MadreMexico List of globally threatened or endemic species Plant species with restricted distribution are: Tabebuia pallida, which is endemic to the Lesser Antilles, and found in swamp forests; and Pelliciera rhizophorae of mangrove swamps, found in coastal Belize, Atlantic and Pacific coastal Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and coastal Ecuador. The following mammals and reptiles are threatened (Emmons,1990; Lewis et al., 1995). TaxaDistribution Conservation statusAmazonian manatee Trichechus inunguisThe Amazon and lower reaches of its tributaries from Ecuador and N Peru to the estuaries at its mouth and the Rupununi and Essiguibo rivers of Guyana.CITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredWest Indian manatee Trichechus manatusThe coasts of Georgia and Florida (USA), Mexico and Central America; the north coast of South America from Colombia to the mouth of the Amazon in Brazil; and the drainages of the Rios Cauca and Magdalena in Colombia and the Orinoco in Venezuela.CITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredCrocodylus rhombiferCubaCrocodylus morelettiSouthern Mexico to Guatemala and BelizeCaiman crocodylusFind out from website or booksMelanosuchus sp.Find out from website or booksPaleosuchus sp.Find out from website or booksBoutu or pink river dolphin or Amazon river dolphin: Inia geoffrensisIn Amazon and Orinoco river systems from headwaters to oceansCITES Apprndix ITucuxi or gray dolphin: Sotalia fluviatilisSouth America: rivers draining into the Atlantic and Caribbean, and coastal waters to PanamaCITES Apprndix ISouthern river otter Lutra longicaudisCentral and South America: N Mexico south to Uruguay. To 3,000 m elevationCITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredGiant otter, Pteronura brasiliensisSouth America: east of the Andes from southern Venezuela and Colombia south to northern Argentina.CITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredJaguar, Panthera oncaNorth, Central and South America: Mexico to Argentina, to 2,000 m elevation. Overhunted for the fur trade and loss of habitat by deforestation.CITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredRed howler monkey, Alouatta seniculusEast of the Andes in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, and Brazil north of the Amazon, and Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil west of the Purus. To 1,200 m elevation. Intensively hunted for meat.CITES Apprndix IIPygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaeaEast of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (Acre), from the base of the Andes east to the Rio Purus. Patchy distribution, threatened due to deforestation.CITES Apprndix IIRed or white uakari monkey, Cacajao calvusCentral Amazon Basin of Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. The white form is found on the large delta island in the Rio Solimes below the mouth of the Rio Japur; the red form found south of the Solimes and west of the Juru, and between the Ro Ucayali and Putumayo in Peru. Hunted for food in Peru and for bait in Brazil.CITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredBlack uakari monkey, Cacajao melanocephalusThe upper Amazon Basin north of the river in SE Colombia, S Venezuela, and adjacent Brazil. Hunted for food in ColombiaCITES Apprndix I, US-ESA endangeredGiant Amazonian turtle or arrau, Podocnemis expansaOn few islands in midstream of both the Orinoco and the Amazon Rivers. Egg collecting for food. Other threatened riverine fauna due to hydrologic alteration reported recently by Pringle et al. (2000) are: TaxaDistributionFreshwater shrimps: Macrobrachium, Atya, and Xiphocaris spp.In streams of the Caribbean islands and mainland tropical streamsCoporo: Prochilodus and Semaprochilodus spp.In major river basins of South America Literature Cited Alverez-Lopez, M. 1990. Ecology of Pterocarpus officinalis forested wetlands in Puerto Rico. Pp.251-265. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier. Bacon, P.R.1990. Ecology and management of swamp forests in the Guianas and Caribbean region. Pp. 213-250. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier. Brinson, M.M. 1990. Riverine forests. Pp. 87-141. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier. Daly, D.C. and J.D. Mitchell. 2000. Lowland vegetation of Tropical South America. Pp. 391-453. In D. L. Lentz (ed.) Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas. Columbia University Press, New York. Davis, S.D., V.H. Heywood, O. Herrera-MacBryde, J. Villalobos, and A.C. Hamilton (eds.) 1997. Centers of plant diversity: a guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume3, The Americas. World Wide Fund for Nature and World Conservation Union, Cambridge, United Kingdom. De la Rosa, C. 1995. Middle American streams and rivers. Pp. 189-218. In C.E. Cushing, K.W. Cummins and G.W. Minshall (eds.) Ecosystems of the World 22: river and stream ecosystems. Elsevier. Emmons, L.H. 1991. Jaguars. In J. Seidensticker & S. Lumpkin (ed.) Great cats. Fog City Press, San Francisco. ___________. 1990. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Godoy, J.R., G. Petts and J. Salo. 1999. Riparian flooded forests of the Orinoco and Amazon basins: A comparative review. Biodiversity and Conservation 8(4): 551-586. Goulding, M. 1993. Flooded forests of the Amazon. Scientific American 266 (3): 114-120. Greller, A.M. 2000. Vegetation in the floristic regions of North and Central America. Pp. 39-87. In D. L. Lentz (ed.) Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas. Columbia University Press, New York. Henderson, A., G. Galeano and R. Bernal. 1995. Field guide to the palms of the Americas. 352 Pp. Princeton University press, Princeton, New Jersey. Henderson, P.A. and B.A. Robertson. 1999. On structural complexity and fish diversity in an Amazonian floodplain. Pp.45-58. In C.Padoch, J.M. Ayres, M. Pinedo-Vasquez and A. Henderson (eds.) Vrzea: diversity, development, and conservation of Amazonias whitewater floodplains. The New York Botanical Garden. Lewis, W.M.Jr., S.K. Hamilton and J.F. Saunders III. 1995. Rivers of northern South America. Pp. 129-256. In C.E. Cushing, K.W. Cummins and G.W. Minshall (eds.) Ecosystems of the World 22: river and stream ecosystems. Elsevier. Lewis, W.M.Jr., S.K. Hamilton, MA. Lasi, M. Rodrguez and J.F. Saunders III. 2000. Ecological determinism on the Orinoco floodplain. BioScience: 50(8): 681-692. Linna, A. 1993. Factores que contribuyen a las caracteristicas del sedimento superficial en la selva baja de la Amazonia peruana. Pp.87-97. In Kalliola, R., M. Puhakka and W. Danjoy (eds.). Amazonia Peruana: vegetacin humeda tropical en el llano subandino. Gummerus Printing, Jyvskyl, Finland. Lot, A. and A. Novelo. 1990. Forested wetlands of Mexico. Pp. 287-297. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier. Lugo, A.E. 1990. Introduction. Pp.1-14. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier Lugo, A.E., S. Brown and M.M. Brinson 1990. Synthesis and search for paradigms in wetland ecology. Pp. 447-460. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier. Myers, R.L. 1990. Palm swamps. Pp.267-286. In A.E. Lugo, M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds.) Ecosystems of the world 15. Forested wetlands. Elsevier. Pennington, T.D and J. Sarukhn. 1998 rboles tropicales de Mxico. Ediciones Cientificas Universitarias. Polak, A.M. 1992. Major timber trees of Guyana: a field guide.The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Pringle, C.M., M.C. Freeman and B. J. Freeman. 2000. Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: tropical-temperate comparisons. BioScience: 50(9): 807-823. Terborgh, J. and E. Andresen. 1998. The composition of Amazonian forests: patterns at local and regional scales. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 645-664. Recommended resources Balslev, H., J. Luteyn, B. Ollgaard and L.B. Holm-Nielsen. 1987. Composition and structure of an adjacent flooded and floodplain forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Opera Botnica 92: 37-57. Duivenvoorden, J. M. L. 1993. Ecologa del paisaje del medio Caquet. Memoria explicativa y mapas. En : J.G. Saldarriaga and T. van der Hammen (eds.) Estudios en la amazona Colombiana. TROPENBOS-COLOMBIA IIA: 301 pp. y 11 mapas. Bogot. Galeano, G. 2001. Estructura, riqueza y composicin de plantas leosas en el golfo de Tribug, Choc, Colombia. Caldasia 23(1): 213-236. Galeano, G., S. Suarez and H. Balslev. 1998. Vascular plant species count in a wet forest in the Choc area on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:1563-1575. Goulding, M. 1980. The fishes and the forest: explorations in the Amazonian natural history. University of California Press, Berkeley. Goulding, M. 1993. Flooded forests of the Amazon. Scientific American 266(3): 114-120. Goulding, M., N. J. H. Smith and D. Mahar. 2000. Floods of fortune: ecology and economy along the Amazon. Columbia University Press. New York. 184 pp. Junk, W.J. 1989. Flood tolerance and tree distribution in central Amazonian floodplains. In L.B. Holm-Nelsen, I. C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev (eds.), Tropical forests, botanical dynamics, speciation, and diversity, pp. 47-64. Academic Press. San Diego, California. Junk, W.J. 1993. Wetlands of tropical South America. In D.F. Whigham et al. (eds.), Wetlands of the World I pp. 679-739. Junk, W.J. 1997. The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecology of a Pulsing Sysytem. Springer-Verlag, New York. Junk, W.J., P.B. Bayley and R.E. Sparks. 1989. The Flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. In D.P. Dodge (ed.), Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium (LARS). Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Science 106:110-127. Junk, W.J., J.J. Ohly, M.T.F.Piedade and M.G.M. Soares (eds.). 2000. The Central Amazon floodplain: actual use and options for sustainable management. Leiden, Backhuys Publishers. 590 pp. Padoch, C., J. M.Ayres, M. Pinedo-Vasquez, and A. Henderson. 1999. Vrzea: diversity, development and conservation of Amazonias white-water floodplains. New York Botanical Garden Publications, New York. 407 pp. Rangel-Ch., J.O. 1995. Colombia Diversidad Bitica. I. INDERENA Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Urrego, L. E. 1990. los Bosques inundables del Medio Caquet (Amazona Colombiana) Ph.D. Tesis. 240 pp. University of msterdam. The Netherlands. Tambin publicados en TROPENBOS (1994). K   MyWd"@Aksbt ˿˳˧˧˧˳˳˳˳˳˳˳˳˚˳˧˳˳˳˧˚ˌhh CJOJQJhh 5CJOJQJhh CJOJQJhh 6OJQJhh 5OJQJhh H*OJQJhh OJQJhh B*OJQJphhhJkOJQJhhJkB*OJQJph1Kxw zuppphhh & Fgd gd gd gd gdJkikd$$If40!  64 ` af4p $IfgdJk $IfgdJk @A +Nev$$If^a$gd l'$If^gd l'$$If^a$gd l'$$If^a$gd l'^gd gd gd ^gd  & Fgd CPjPP & F$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@Ff$If^gd l'$$If^a$gd l'$$If^a$gd l'$If^gd l' 7BCPd r ###%%;%<%A&a&&&z''''''((++////0)011223ಧ|hh CJOJQJ hh CJOJQJ^JaJhh CJOJQJhh OJQJhh 5CJOJQJhh 6CJOJQJaJhh CJH*OJQJaJhh CJOJQJaJhh 5CJOJQJaJ.r !i"""""idFfz$If^gd l@ & F$If^gd l@ & F$If^gd l@ & F$If^gd l@$If^gd l@ & F$If^gd l@ "#$$$$$$$$upYY$If^gd l@Ffg$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l $%%%%%%<%A&pY$If^gd l$If^gd lFfT $If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@A&&'''(((('*j$If^gd l@$If^gd l@FfA $If^gd l & F$If^gd l$If^gd l & F$If^gd l '*X*Y*~*****t++pY$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd lFf.$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@ ++, , ,D,,-o--mmm & F$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@Ff$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l ------\../pY$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd lFf$If^gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@/////~////hQ$If^gd l@$If^gd l@ h$If^`gd l@$If^gd l@$If^gd l@Ff$If^gd l$If^gd l/////////pQ h$If^`gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd l$If^gd lFf$If^gd l@////)040W0n00000{{a$$If^a$gd l'$$If^a$gd l'$$If^a$gd l'$$If^a$gd l'$$If^a$gd l'^gd gd ^gd Ff 011*1~1122x^$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@Ff!$$If^a$gd l'222/2]222+4,44x^$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd lFf$$$If^a$gd l@ 33445555667777R:S:b:c:;;;;<<E=F===a@b@@@AAAADD*D+DDDTEdEEEZF[F\FFFFFܽܽܫܽܫϝhh CJOJQJhh OJQJhh 5CJOJQJ#hh 6CJOJQJ^JaJ#hh 5CJOJQJ^JaJhh CJOJQJ hh CJOJQJ^JaJ#hh CJH*OJQJ^JaJ44445~55l6m6n66Z7x^^$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@Ff'$$If^a$gd l Z77777$888x^$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd lFf*$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@89Q:R:S:c:p;;;;xx^$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@Ff-$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l ;;;;;<<<x^$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd lFf0$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@<<<<<==>=?=x^$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@Ff3$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l?=@=E=F=S=====xx^$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd lFf6$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@====>?^@_@x^$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@Ff:$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l_@`@a@b@@A_A`AaAx^$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd lFf=$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@aAAAABJBmBCGD%E&Exxx^$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@Ff @$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l &EuEEEEEVFWFXFx^$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd lFfC$$If^a$gd l@$$If^a$gd l@XFYFZF[F\FFFFG%G7G|G{aaa$$If^a$gd lh$$If^a$gd lh$$If^a$gd lh^gd gd ^gd FfF$$If^a$gd l$$If^a$gd l FFiGmGqGzGHH$H%H(J)J9L:L@LALYLLLMM7N8NENNNNQQQfQgQ|QQ׽ueVeVeVeVeVhh CJOJQJaJhh 6CJOJQJaJhh 5CJOJQJaJhh 5CJOJQJaJhh CJOJQJhh >*CJOJQJhh CJOJQJhh 6CJOJQJhh 5OJQJhh 56CJOJQJhh 5CJOJQJhh OJQJ!|GG HH$$If^a$gd lh$$If^a$gd lh$$If^a$gd lhHHkd,H$$Ifl4ֈ*!&(' ^  <0644 la4HMHNHHHHHI#J(J}c$$If^a$gd lh@$$If^a$gd lh@$$If^a$gd lh@$$If^a$gd lh@$$If^a$gd lh@$$If^a$gd lh@ (J)Jkd&I$$Iflֈ*!&(' ^        <0644 la4)JLJMJNJ~JJK6KK9L:L;L}$$If^a$gd lh\$$If^a$gd lh\$$If^a$gd lh\$$If^a$gd lh\$$If^a$gd lh\ ;L@L$$If^a$gd lh\@LALkdJ$$Iflֈ*!&(' ^  <0644 la4ALBLYLLLLL$If^gd lhX$If^gd lhX$If^gd lhX^gd gd gd LM)M:M`I2$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kdK$$Ifl4F X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4:M7N8NRNK4$If^gd lhkdK$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@RNSNNN4kd9L$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhNNNQ$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@QQ!Q"QbK4$If^gd lh\$If^gd lh\kdL$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4"QfQgQQK4$If^gd lhT@kd[M$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh\QQQQ4kdM$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lhT@$If^gd lhT@QQQRRRRR SSSSTT+TTTTT3U4U5UHUUUUUUVVVVVXXXXXZZZ$[%[@[J[L[[[[[[[[n\o\\\\\]] ^ ^D^E^V^^_<_=_>_U_Z`[`ֹhh CJOJQJhh CJOJQJaJhhh CJOJQJaJhh 6CJOJQJaJhh OJQJIQQQR$If^gd lh$If^gd lh$If^gd lhRRRRbK4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kd}N$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4RRRSK4$If^gd lhkdO$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@SSSS4kdO$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhSSST$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@TT7T8TbK4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkd0P$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la48TTTTK4$If^gd lh\@kdP$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lhTT4U5U4kdRQ$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh\@$If^gd lh\@5UUUiUU$If^gd lhT$If^gd lhT$If^gd lhTUUUUbK4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kdQ$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4UUUVK4$If^gd lhkdtR$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@V$VVV4kdS$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhVVVV$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@VVVWbK4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkdS$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4WXXXK4$If^gd lh@kd'T$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lhXXXX4kdT$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@XX;YZ$If^gd lh\$If^gd lh\$If^gd lh\ZZ[[bK4$If^gd lhT@$If^gd lhT@kdIU$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4[$[%[T[K4$If^gd lhkdU$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lhT@T[U[[[4kdkV$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh$If^gd lh[[ \n\$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@n\o\\\bK4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkdV$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4\\\]K4$If^gd lh@kdW$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh]]]]4kdX$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@]]] ^$If^gd lh$If^gd lh$If^gd lh ^ ^'^(^bK4$If^gd lh\@$If^gd lh\@kdX$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4(^D^E^m^K4$If^gd lhTkd@Y$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh\@m^^=_>_4kdY$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lhT$If^gd lhT>_k_l_Z`$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@Z`[```bK4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkdbZ$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4[`k`qara2b3bFbPbQbbbEcFc}c~cccc2d3dbdwdxddddddeee+e,e8eewfxf{ffffgg gřʼn}oohh CJOJQJhhh 5OJQJhh 5CJOJQJaJhh H*OJQJhh CJOJQJ$hh CJOJQJaJmHsHhh OJQJhh CJH*OJQJaJhh CJOJQJaJhh 6CJOJQJaJ+`2b3bQbK4$If^gd lh@kdZ$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lhQbRbbb4kd[$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@bccEc$If^gd lh$If^gd lh$If^gd lhEcFc[c\cbK4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kd\$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4\c}c~ccK4$If^gd lh\kd\$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@cccc4kd7]$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lh\$If^gd lh\ccc2d$If^gd lhT@$If^gd lhT@$If^gd lhT@2d3dxdydbK4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkd]$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4yddddK4$If^gd lh@kdY^$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4$If^gd lhdd+e,e4kd^$$IflF X(~ F^    0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@,e8eNee$If^gd lh$If^gd lh$If^gd lheexfyfzf{ffbYPPPG^gd  !gd ^gd kd{_$$IflF X(~ F^ 0")    44 la4ffffgI2$If^gd lhT@kd `$$Ifl408 044 la4$If^gd lhX$If^gd lhXg g g7g>gaJ3$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkd`$$Ifl08   044 la4$If^gd lhT@ g g g>g?gegfgggggggggggghh h h hh>h@hphhhhiiii jjjjj l l'l(lflgllllllll1mCmmmmm-n.nCnUnnnnnhh 6CJOJQJhh 6OJQJhh 5CJOJQJhh 5OJQJhh CJOJQJhhh OJQJhh CJOJQJA>g?g^gegxaJ$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kd`$$Ifl08 044 la4egfgggxaJ$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkdka$$Ifl08   044 la4ggggxaJ$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kda$$Ifl08 044 la4ggggxaJ$If^gd lh\$If^gd lh\kdSb$$Ifl08   044 la4ggggxaJ$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kdb$$Ifl08 044 la4ggh hxaJ$If^gd lhT$If^gd lhTkd;c$$Ifl08   044 la4 h h hh?h@hjiiiixsjsssssS$If^gd lhX^gd gd kdc$$Ifl08 044 la4 iiii2kd#d$$Ifl4F (~  0")    44 la4$If^gd lhX$If^gd lhXijjj$If^gd lh\@$If^gd lh\@$If^gd lh\@jjjkbK4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhkdd$$IflF (~     0")    44 la4k l l!lK3$@&If^gd lh@kdHe$$IflF (~  0")    44 la4$If^gd lh!l&l'l(l4kde$$IflF (~     0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@(l=lelfl$If^gd lh$If^gd lh$If^gd lhflglyllbJ3$If^gd lh@$@&If^gd lh@kdjf$$IflF (~  0")    44 la4llllK3$@&If^gd lhkdf$$IflF (~     0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@llll4kdg$$IflF (~  0")    44 la4$If^gd lh$If^gd lhllll$If^gd lhT@$If^gd lhT@$@&If^gd lhT@llCmmbK4$If^gd lh\$If^gd lh\kdh$$IflF (~     0")    44 la4mmmmK4$If^gd lh@kdh$$IflF (~  0")    44 la4$If^gd lh\mn-n.n4kd?i$$IflF (~     0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@.nUnnn$If^gd lh$If^gd lh$If^gd lhnnnLobK4$If^gd lh@$If^gd lh@kdi$$IflF (~  0")    44 la4LopoqooK4$If^gd lhkdaj$$IflF (~     0")    44 la4$If^gd lh@npoqoyoo;pB`>  Body Text$da$D `D  Footer$ !d;CJ8`8  Table Contemporary:V0j%@ j% j% 4 8^8<@B*`JphB*`Jph5B*\`Jphro"r Jk Part Title*$dl-D0$M ^a$@B*CJTOJQJphh>`Bh JkTitle/$$d@<$dN^@CJ(KHOJQJFJ@BF JkSubtitle$<@&a$ CJ^JaJKxw  @A +NeCPri<A '"X"Y"~"""""t###$ $ $D$$%o%%%%%%%\&&'''''~''''''''''''''')(4(W(n((((())*)~))****/*]***+,,,,,,-~--l.m.n..Z/////$0001Q2R2S2c2p333333334444444=5>5?5@5E5F5S5555555567^8_8`8a8b889_9`9a9999:J:m:;G<%=&=u=====V>W>X>Y>Z>[>\>>>>?%?7?|?? @@@M@N@@@@@A#B(B)BLBMBNB~BBC6CC9D:D;D@DADBDYDDDDDE)E:E7F8FRFSFFFFFII!I"IfIgIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKLL7L8LLLLL4M5MUMiMMMMMMMN$NNNNNNNNOPPPPPPP;QRRSS$S%STSUSSSS TnToTTTTTUUUUUU V V'V(VDVEVmVV=W>WkWlWZX[XXX2Z3ZQZRZZZ[[E[F[[[\[}[~[[[[[[[2\3\x\y\\\\\+],]8]N]]]x^y^z^{^^^^^_ _ _7_>_?_^_e_f_____________` ` ` ``?`@`jaaaaaaabbbbbc d d!d&d'd(d=dedfdgdyddddddddddddCeeeeef-f.fUfffffLgpgqggh;h5?5@5E5F5S5555555567^8_8`8a8b889_9`9a9999:J:m:;G<%=&=u=====V>W>X>Y>Z>[>\>>>>?%?7?|?? @@@M@N@@@@@A#B(B)BLBMBNB~BBC6CC9D:D;D@DADBDYDDDDDE)E:E7F8FRFSFFFFFII!I"IfIgIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKLL7L8LLLLL4M5MUMiMMMMMMMN$NNNNNNNNOPPPPPPP;QRRSS$S%STSUSSSS TnToTTTTTUUUUUU V V'V(VDVEVmVV=W>WkWlWZX[XXX2Z3ZQZRZZZ[[E[F[[[\[}[~[[[[[[[2\3\x\y\\\\\+],]8]N]]]x^y^z^{^^^^^_ _ _7_>_?_^_e_f_____________` ` ` ``?`@`jaaaaaaabbbbbc d d!d&d'd(d=dedfdgdyddddddddddddCeeeeef-f.fUfffffLgpgqggh;h_Z``QbbEc\ccc2dydd,eefg>geggggg hiijk!l(lflllllmm.nnLoo9>\>9?>9@>9A?9B\?9C?9DtEFG4HtIJK4LtMNO4PtQRS4TtUVW4XtYZP}[TP}\P}]P}^Q}_TQ}`Q}aQ}bR}cTR}dR}eR}fS}gTS}hS}iS}jT}kTT}lT}mT}nU}oTU}pU}q"rsI{t[uqv\<?<@<A=B\=C=D=E>F\>G>H>I?J\?K?L 0;ML0;N0;O0;P 1;QL1;R1;S1;T 2;UL2;V2;W2;X 3;YL3;Z3;[3;\ 4;]L4;^4;_4;` 5;aL5;b5;c5;d 6;eL6;f6;g6;h 7;iL7;j7;k7;l 8;mL8;n8;o8;p 9;qL9;r9;s9;t :;uL:;v:;w:;x ;;yL;;z;;{;;| <;}L<;~<;<; =;L=;=;=; >; @L@@@ ALAAA BLBBB CLCCC DLDDD ELEEE FLFFF GLGGG HLHHH ILIII JLJJJ KLKKK LLLLL MLMMM NLNNN O´LOôOĴOŴ PƴLPǴPjjhhrHHr[ C tt11p""((((( (:+:+<<DDD)E)E0E0EVEjEjEvEvEEEEEEEEEFF+F+FtFtFFFFFGGGGG!G!G+G4G4GBGBGJG"I"I,I6I6I@ISIIIIIIIII1J1JJJJJKKKKVLsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL M_M_MiMiMMMNNWNWNlNlNzNNNN O O5OIOfOxOxOOOOOOOOOOOOPP$P$P,P,PSP|P|PPPPPPP!Q!Q3Q3QsQQQQQQQ[i[i[v[[[[[[\\\\]D]D]N]N]^3^3^__ _7_7_H_H_P_^_^_f_____________```aaa,a,a6a6aAaAaMaMaaaaaCbCbObbb!d!d=dPdPd^d^deQeeeeffafpffffggg&g&gAgAggggggpiyiyiiiiiiiiiZjZjkjyjyjHkTkTkmkmkkkkkkll/l/lJlJlllllmYnnoppptqtq}qqqqqqMrMrrrrrsssss t t.ttuvvv!v!vzvzvvvvvvvvwwwwBxxxxIyyyy7zzzzzzzO{O{{{}}~NN̓̓փ'ɅɅڅAAJiiFFTcc      !"'#$%&(*)+,-./0123845679:;<=?>@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]_^`bacdegfhjiklmnopqrtsuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'(*)+,-./0123546789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy{z|}~nnpyyQQd  H xx99x""( (((&(&(@+@+!<!<DDD.E.E8E8E_EqEqEzEzEEEEEEEEEFF5F5F|F|FFFFFGGGGG)G2G2GI>III\IIIIIIIII9J9JJJJJKKKKeLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMgMgMqMqMMM"N"N_N_NxNNNNNNOO>OXOsOOOOOOOOOOOOOO"P"P*P*P5P5P`PPPPPPPPP%Q%Q9Q9QQQQQQQQ@R@RRRSS#S]S]SSST T9T9TPTPTXTXTcTcTTTTTUUUUUUUUU0V0V;VVVVVXXXXYYY#ZaZmZwZwZZZZZZZZZZ<[D[D[t[|[|[[[[[[\\\\$]L]L]V]V] ^7^7^ _ __=_=_O_]_]_d_d_i_____________ ` `` a aa4a4a?a?aKaKaSaSahahaJbJbUbbb%d%dLdYdYddddd(eXeeeeffnfxffff g!g!g.g.gJgJgggggguiiiiiiiiiiiijsjsj}j}jPkXkXkqkqkkkkkkl l5l5lRlRlllllmfnnoppp|qqqqqqqqUrUrrrrrsssss*t5t5ttuvvv)v)vvvvvvvvvvwwwwOxxxxPyyyy?zzzzzzzS{S{{{}}~VVՃ4؅IZZqq P]]nn   !"$%&'#(*)+,-./0123567849:;<=?>@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]_^`bacdegfhjiklmnopqrtsuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'(*)+,-./0123546789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy{z|}~9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceTypeB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity !?Hx$+G L 333I( Mn1 u`:  ? B P 5?5@5E5F5S555555567^8_8`8a8b88_9`9a9999:m:%=&=====V>W>X>Y>Z>[>>>?|?? @@@N@@@A#B(B)BNBC9D:D;D@DADDDDDE)E:E7F8FRFSFFFFFII!I"IfIgIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKLL7L8LLLLL4M5MUMiMMMMMMMN$NNNNNNNNOPPPPPPP;QRRSS$S%STSUSSSS TnToTTTTTUUUUUU V V'V(VDVEVmVV=W>WkWlWZX[XXX2Z3ZQZRZZZ[[E[F[[[\[}[~[[[[[[[2\3\x\y\\\\\+],]8]N]]]^^^^_ _ _7_>_?_^_e_f_____________` ` ``jaaaaaaabbbbbc d d!d&d'd(d=dedfdgdyddddddddddddCeeeeef-f.fUfffffLgpgqggh;h?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry FP[GData o1TableWordDocument"SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q