ÐÏࡱá>þÿ ^`þÿÿÿ]ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á@ ð¿Ü"bjbjûû "D™u™uÜÿÿÿÿÿÿˆ(((((((<Ä#Ä#Ä#Ä#Ø#l<—0<P$P$P$P$P$P$P$P$0000000$Ó1R%4l<0(ø*P$P$ø*ø*<0((P$P$Q0†-†-†-ø*H(P$(P$0†-ø*0†-†-((†-P$D$ 0·›±¶GÆÄ#@,0†-ª-lg00—0†-‘4p-‘4†-<<((((‘4(†-$P$â2&X†-Š'ž(ZP$P$P$<0<0<<D€Dp-<<€6Marine habitat types 6.3. Seagrass beds General description and geographic variation Caribbean: Sea grasses are widely distributed. Tropical Pacific: Sea grasses exist mainly at the river mouths. Community types/zonation and major gradients within the system (patterns) No information generated. Ecological integrity factors for landscape context Table xxx. Ecological integrity factors for landscape context of seagrass beds Key FactorsJustification for factor selection Minimum Integrity Threshold(s)Justification for determining the threshold (e.g., Natural Range of Variation)Field-based monitoring indicatorsFactor PrioritySunlightA system dominated by phanerogams needing abundant light for photosynthesis.Search information in literature [Experts, please provide literature citation. Thanks.] for grasses dominated by Thalassia, Syringodium, Zostera, Rupia, etc.Plant growth decreases under certain thresholds. The degree of sunlight determines vertical distribution.Water turbidity measured with a Secchi disk, turbidometer, etc.SalinityIt defines community structure and grassland function.Specific thresholds for each community type (Zieman, J.; see the CARICOMP manual in the West Indies University web page.) [Experts, please complete the citation in the References section. Thanks.]Salinities under and above the thresholds affect the structure and function of these systems, causing epiphytism, disease, growth and distribution changes.Determination of medium salinity regimes with refractometer.Sediment and water chemistry (organic matter and nutrient contents, and pH levels in sediments)Maintain structure, function and productivity of the communities. A serious imbalance can cause eutrophication . For references, see Zieman and Hector Guzman, Daisy Garcia (INTECMAR, Venezuela).Values under and above the thresholds affect the structure and function of these systems, causing epiphytism, disease, growth and distribution changes.Determine organic matter contents in sediment (total P, ammonium, total N), pH of the sediment. (see Zieman [Experts, please complete the citation in the References section. Thanks.] for methods to measure factors.)Water dynamics (waves, currents, tides, storms) It determines vertical and horizontal distribution of the seagrass bed and its community structure and biomass.Thresholds for these factors are specific and known for prairies and semi-closed systems (see Hedgepeth, Guadalupe de la Lanza, Alfonso Aguirre will provide information on this). [Experts, please complete the citation in the References section. Thanks.] In general, factors should provide water flow dynamics that ensure system’s viability.Time of water permanence in semi-closed places (days) (see Lawrence Mee). [Experts, please complete the citation in the References section. Thanks.] Coastal geomorphology (sediment granulometry, physiography, bathymetry).It determines physical structure of the system, which in turn determines vertical and horizontal distribution of the seagrass bed and its community structure and biomass.There is no threshold for geomorphology. Granulometric composition and dynamics of the sediment are specific for each site.It’s recommended to avoid any modification of the original physiographic structure. For instance, avoid dredging, filling, accumulation of excessive sediment load. (see the CARICOMP manual in the West Indies University web page.)Genetic connectivity.Consult J. Zedler, Univ. of California. [Experts, please provide J. Zedler’s e-mail address or cite Zedler’s publications in the References section. Thanks.] Ecological integrity factors for condition Table xxx. Ecological integrity factors for condition of seagrass beds Key FactorsJustification for factor selection Minimum Integrity Threshold(s)Justification for determining the threshold (e.g., Natural Range of Variation)Field-based monitoring indicatorsFactor PriorityHerbivory Fundamental for maintaining primary and secondary productivity of communities by controlling epiphytism, nutrient recycling and export of material to adjacent systems.Information from experts is not enough to establish thresholds, but it’s known that high levels of diversity and abundance of herbivores (turtles, fish, manatees, birds, and invertebrates such as sea urchins, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.) SENTENCE INCOMPLETE IN THE SPANISH Thresholds exist for epiphyte cover on phanerogams (see specialized literature: Jackson ? 1997, Bjorndal 1982] [Experts, you are welcome to add more literature citations. Thanks.]The decrease of herbivore density causes an increase of epiphytism, affecting growth and causing death to phanerogams. Herbivory intensity can be measured through leaf covering by epiphytes. Study of herbivore feeding habits through stomach contents analysis, observations of frequency of bites on fish, vegetation clearings caused by turtles, etc. Associated fauna and flora (residents and visitors).Presence and diversity of species and functional groups and abundance of associated fauna and flora ensures ecological system integrity.[Consult Alejandro Arrivallaga, USGS Louisiana; Silvia Ibarra, CICESE, and J. Zieman, at the Univ. of Virginia; J. Zedler, Univ. of California; Jorge Herrara, CINVESTAV, Mérida] [Experts, please complete the citation in the References section. Thanks.] Information gaps and caveats Recommended priorities for conservation-driven research agenda and next steps Literature Cited Alejandro Arrivallaga, USGS Louisiana, on page 5. Bjorndal. K.A. 1982, The consequences of herbivory for the life history pattern of the Caribbean green turtle, Chelonia mydas. In: Bjorndal K.A. (ed) Biology and conservation of sea turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. pp 111-116. Hedgepeth, Guadalupe de la Lanza, Alfonso Aguirre will provide information on this, on page 3. Herrara, Jorge CINVESTAV, Mérida, on page 5. Ibarra, Silvia. CICESE, on page 5. Jackson, ? 1997. Reefs since Columbus Coral reefs 16, Suppl. S23-S32, on page 5. CARICOMP manual on West Indies University web page, on page 2 and page 4. Mee, Lawrence on page 3. Zedler, L. Univ. de California, on page 4. Zieman, J., specific thresholds for each community type, on page 2. Zieman, J., at the Univ. de Virginia; on page 5. See Zieman y Héctor Guzmán, Daisy García (INTECMAR, Venezuela) for references, on page 2. See Zieman for methods of factor measurement, on page 2. Recommended resources Clark JR 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, USA. Dixon, Scura & van’t Hof 1993. Ecological and Economic Goals: Marine Parks in the Caribbean. Ambio, vol 22 (2,3): 117-125. Flores Hernandez. et al ..? other authors’ names? (1997). Análisis y Diagnóstico de los Recursos Pesqueros Críticos del Golfo de México. -ÉÊ . / b £ ¤ ² ‚ ƒ J p " # ™š+,„…=k¤¥¸ˆ‰*ðåÖ˾˯¾Ë¡”¡…y…i…Ë…Ë…Ë…Ë…Ë…Ë¡”¡…y…h¶­hø*=6CJOJQJaJh¶­hø*=5OJQJh¶­hø*=CJOJQJaJh¶­hø*=CJOJQJh¶­hø*=5CJOJQJh¶­hø*=CJOJQJaJh¶­hø*=CJOJQJh¶­hø*=OJQJh¶­hø*=B*OJQJphÿh¶­h¸<·OJQJh¶­h¸<·B*OJQJphÿ"-Z‰ÉÊ . öí„zuppgubgdø*=„^„gdø*=gdø*=gdø*=gdø*=gd¸<·ikd$$If4Ö0šÀ!ª Þ ÖÖÿÿÿÿöˆ6ÖÿÿÖÿÿÖÿÿÖÿÿ4Ö `Ö ÿÿaöf4pÖÿÿÿÿ $Ifgd¸<· $Ifgd¸<· Ü"þ. / b ² ¾ á â  P r öñèδ´š€f$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆ:r€$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆ:r€$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆ:r€$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆ:r€$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆ:r€„^„gdø*=gdø*=„^„gdø*= r ‚ ƒ Œ Ù 1 w ¨ á ! åàÆ¬’’xx^$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆT@$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆT@$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆT@$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆT@$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆT@FfŠ$„$If^„a$gdø*=lÆ:r€ ! 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