ࡱ> pro%` 1bjbjٕ 7R&> > > 8v 4 LSh!!F^!^!^!r#r#r#8S:S:S:S:S:S:S$!UhWx^Sr#2#2#@r#r#^S^!^!sS***r#x^!^!8S*r#8S**|CE^! 07{> $d4D8SS0SLD\XN%X0EXE r#r#*r#r#r#r#r#^S^Sf&r#r#r#Sr#r#r#r#$d  Climate Adaptation Approaches for Biodiversity Protection The following seven adaptation approaches are directly summarized from Chapter 9, Synthesis and Conclusions by Kareiva et al in Preliminary Review of Adaptation Options for Climate-Sensitive Ecosystems and Resources. These approaches are based on existing approaches for managing natural systems for resilience in the face of disturbance. They are described as a starting point for developing climate adaptation best practices for conserving biodiversity. The full chapter can be found at:  HYPERLINK "http://downloads.climatescience.gov/sap/sap4-4/sap4-4-final-report-Ch9-Synthesis.pdf" http://downloads.climatescience.gov/sap/sap4-4/sap4-4-final-report-Ch9-Synthesis.pdf Protect key ecosystem features In this approach, special management protections or actions are applied to the structural characteristics, organisms or areas that are particularly important to the resilience of the overall system. Examples Facilitate natural adaptation through management practices that shorten regeneration times and promote interspecific competition. Promote connected landscapes to facilitate species movements and gene flow, sustain key ecosystem processes and protect critical habitats. Remove barriers to upstream migration in rivers and streams. Reduce fragmentation and maintain or restore species migration corridors. Use wildland fire, mechanical thinning, or prescribed burns where it is documented to reduce the risk of unusually severe fires. Minimize alteration of natural disturbance regimes (river flow regimes, fire). Prevent establishment of invasive non-native species or diseases. Install levees or other engineering works to alter water flows to benefit refuge species. Remove dispersal barriers and establish dispersal bridges for species. Establish and maintain wildlife corridors. Maintain natural flow regime through dam flow releases. Use drought-tolerant plant varieties to help protect riparian buffers. Create wetlands or off-channel storage basins to reduce erosion during high flow periods. Protect tidal marshes from erosion with oyster breakwaters and rock sills and thus preserve their water filtration and fisheries enhancement functions. Preserve and restore the structural complexity and biodiversity of vegetation in tidal marshes, seagrass meadows and mangroves. Adapt protection zones as locations of critical habitats changes with climate. Apply rolling easements to prevent engineered barriers from blocking landward retreat of coastal marches and other shoreline habitats. Design protected areas with dynamic boundaries and buffers to protect breeding and foraging habits of highly migratory and pelagic species. Monitor ecosystems and have rapid-response strategies prepared to assess ecological effects of extreme events. Protect critical areas such as nursery grounds, spawning grounds and areas of high species diversity. Reduce anthropogenic stresses Minimize anthropogenic stressors (e.g., pollution, overfishing, development) that hinder the ability of species or ecosystems to withstand a stressful climatic event through management. Examples Create larger management units and migration corridors to reduce fragmentation. Use early detection and rapid response to non-native invasive species. Work with watershed coalitions to reduce or eliminate pollution. Manage water storage and manage or reduce human water withdrawals. Purchase or lease water rights to enhance flow management options. Develop stormwater infrastructure to reduce severe erosion. Conduct integrated management of nutrient sources and wetland treatment of nutrients to limit hypoxia and eutrophication. Prohibit bulkheads and other engineered structures on estuarine shores; Remove structures that harden coastlines. Manage overfishing and excessive inputs of nutrients, sediments and pollutants. Raise awareness of adverse effects of land-based activities on marine environments. Implement integrated coastal and watershed management. Develop options for advanced wastewater treatment. Representation Management actions are concerned with ensuring diversity within a target group (species or ecosystem) to increase the likelihood that some of the variations may be more suited to the new climate. Examples In forests, modify genetic diversity guidelines to increase the range of species, maintain high effective population sizes and favor genotypes know for broad tolerance ranges. With projected decreases in water resources, manage for drought- and heat-tolerant species and populations. With less certain projections, manage for a variety of species and genotypes with a range of tolerances to low soil moisture and higher temperatures. Allow the establishment of non-native species locally which will help maintain native biodiversity or enhance ecosystem function overall. Plant or introduce desired species after disturbances or in anticipation of loss. Expand the boundaries of protected areas to increase variation in species. Increase genetic diversity through plantings or by stocking fish. Increase physical habitat heterogeneity in channels to support diverse biotic assemblages. Establish reserves for the purpose of maintaining high genetic diversity. Maintain landscape complexity of salt marsh landscapes, especially preserving marsh edge environments. Include entire ecological units to maintain ecosystem function and resilience. Replication The replication approach aims to have multiple bets in a game of chance. This management approach focuses on the continued viability of more than one example of each ecosystem or species. Examples Spread risks by increasing ecosystem redundancy and buffers. Replicate populations and gene pools of desired species. Provide redundant refuge types to reduce risk to trust species. Establish special protection for multiple headwater reaches that support keystone processes or sensitive species. Replicate reefs along a depth gradient to allow fish and crustaceans to survive when depth-dependent environmental degradation occurs. Ensure protection of replicated estuaries along flyways for migrating shorebirds. Replicate habitat types in multiple areas to spread risks. Restoration In many cases natural intact ecosystems have some resilience to extreme events. This strategy entails restoring intact ecosystems to provide for this resilience. Examples Use the paleological record and historical ecological studies to revise restoration goals so that selected species will be tolerant of anticipated climate. Where appropriate after large-scale disturbances, reset succession and manage for asynchrony at the landscape scale by promoting diverse age classes and species mixes, a variety of successional stages, and spatially complex and heterogeneous vegetation structure. Restore vegetation where it provides an increase in resilience. Use native vegetation and debris to minimize soil loss after fire or vegetation dieback. Conduct river restoration projects to stabilize eroding banks, repair in-stream habitat, or promote fish passages from areas with high temperatures and less precipitation. Restore the natural capacity of rivers to buffer climate-change impacts (e.g., through land acquisition around rivers, levee setbacks to free the floodplain of infrastructure, riparian buffer repairs). Restore important native species and remove invasive non-natives. Direct estuarine habitat restoration projects to places where the restored ecosystem has room to retreat as sea level rises. Following extreme events, consider enhancing natural recovery processes through active restoration. Consider mangrove restoration to protect shoreline, expand nursery habitat, and release tannins and other compounds that may reduce photo-oxidative stress in corals. Refugia This approach involves the management of physical environments that are less affected by climate change than other areas and thus a refuge from climate change. Examples Use paleological record and historical ecological studies to identify environments buffered against climate change, which would be good candidates for long-term conservation. Create or protect refugia for valued aquatic species at risk to the effects of early snowmelt on river flow. Reforest riparian boundaries with native species to create shated thermal refugia for fish species in rivers and streams. Plant riparian vegetation to provide fish and other organisms with refugia. Protect river reaches where they contain naturally occurring refugia. Create side-channels and adjacent wetlands to provide refugia during droughts and floods. Restore oyster reefs along a depth gradient to provide shallow water refugia for mobile species such as fish and crustaceans to retreat to in response to climate-induced deep water hypoxia/anoxia. Identify and protect areas observed to be resistant to climate change effects. Establish dynamic MPAs defined by large-scale oceanographic features such as oceanic fronts where changes in types and abundances of organisms often occur. Relocation The management approach of relocation refers to the human-facilitated transplantation of organisms from one location to another in order to bypass a barrier. Examples Establish or strengthen long-term seed banks to create the option of re-establishing extirpated populations in new/more appropriate locations. Assist in species migrations. Facilitate long-distance transport of threatened endemic species. Facilitate interim propagation and sheltering or feeding of mistimed migrants, until suitable habitat becomes available. Establish programs to move isolated populations of species of interest that become stranded when water levels drop.     PAGE  PAGE 3 Excerpted and condensed from Kareiva, P., Enquist, C., Johnson, A., Julius, S. H., Lawler, J., Petersen, B., et al.(2009). Synthesis and Conclusions, Chapter 9. In Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources: Final Report, Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.4.Available online at  HYPERLINK "http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-4/final-report/" http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-4/final-report/. Excerpted and condensed from Kareiva, P., Enquist, C., Johnson, A., Julius, S. H., Lawler, J., Petersen, B., et al.(2009). Synthesis and Conclusions, Chapter 9. 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