Human society has used freshwater from rivers, lakes, groundwater, and
wetlands for many different urban, agricultural, and industrial activities, but in doing so
has overlooked its value in supporting ecosystems. Freshwater is vital to human life and
societal well-being, and thus its utilization for consumption, irrigation, and transport has
long taken precedence over other commodities and services provided by freshwater ecosystems.
However, there is growing recognition that functionally intact and biologically
complex aquatic ecosystems provide many economically valuable services and long-term
benefits to society. The short-term benefits include ecosystem goods and services, such as
food supply, flood control, purification of human and industrial wastes, and habitat for plant
and animal lifeâand these are costly, if not impossible, to replace. Long-term benefits
include the sustained provision of those goods and services, as well as the adaptive capacity
of aquatic ecosyst