ࡱ> >>======================================================================================================>>>>>>>>@ P#bjbj.. kDDaXXXX $   P $L pL"9M9M9M3555555$@R`Y fmB 9MffYXXg1nszszszf X( 3szf3szsz  d ; Sp|0v4  XXXX8  9MUsz[` 9M9M9MYY  $@dz^  @ The Conservation of Nature in Eastern North America: Status and Trends: 2006  Ecosystems Species   Streams Land The Nature Conservancy: Eastern Regional Science M. G. Anderson, A. Olivero, C. Ferree, D. Morse, S. Khanna In collaboration with the Eastern Region Conservation Measures Team KEY MESSAGES Four percent of the region is exclusively devoted to biodiversity protection. Another 16 percent is secured from conversion to development. Most secured lands are in the mountainous regions. Coastal regions trailed by agricultural lowland regions are the least protected. The proportion of land conversion is 18 times greater than that of land protection. These trends vary geographically from the Western Allegheny Plateau where conversion is 79 times greater than protection to a slightly reversed trend (conservation higher than conversion) in the Northern Appalachians. Private conservation organizations account for 10% of the land protected for biodiversity in the region. Almost half of that is attributable to The Nature Conservancy. . (this is true but is it off putting to make it a key message?) Large carnivores have been extirpated from the region and another 483 endemic species (plants, vertebrates and invertebrates), are at levels too low, or are declining too fast, to rely on habitat protection alone as a conservation strategy. Of these 44% have no protected populations and another 40% have less than four protected populations. Contiguous and ecologically complete forest ecosystems that once dominated the region are now largely young, simplified and fragmented. However, 360 identified areas still maintain relatively intact interior forest systems over 10,000 acres in size. Twenty percent of these have core protected areas on a scale that could maintain these ecosystems. Forest cover has been increasing since the massive deforestation of last century. Excluding developed land, agricultural land and roads, the remaining areas with over 75 percent natural cover amount to 45 percent of the region. Fifteen percent of that is secured against conversion to development. Non-forested terrestrial ecosystems harbor extensive biodiversity. Over 1700 examples, of beaches, barrens and balds, grassy openings, stunted woodlands and stands of distinct forest types have been targeted for conservation. Of these, only steep slopes, summits and very high elevation features are over 30% protected for biodiversity. Protection of key places for coastal dunes, acidic barrens and lakeplain forests are in the 20%-30% range while outwash flats, rocky shores, calcareous barrens and caves are all below 20% Critical wetlands have considerably less protection than their terrestrial counterparts. Acidic wetlands enjoy the highest level of protection with about 25% protected for biodiversity. Floodplain and riverside systems as well as coastal and tidal wetlands all have less than 10% of their best examples on protected lands. Three percent of the rich eastern flora needs direct conservation action. Although over half of the known occurrences of these species are on lands secured from conversion to development, 88% have less than 10 protected populations and are vulnerable to extinction over the next century. TABLE OF CONTENTS Key Messages Acknowledgments 1: Introduction Basic Principles Ecoregions Portfolio of Critical Occurrences Screening Criteria 2: Permanently Secured Lands Collective Conservation Crisis Ecoregions 3: Ecological Land Units Percent Protected Representativeness Private Conservation 4: Ecosystems Forest Ecosystems Non-Forested Ecosystems Wetlands 5: Species Species protection levels Vertebrates Invertebrates Plants 6: Future threats 7: Ecoregion & State Summaries 8: Maps and Appendices Acknowledgements Regional Measures Team Mark Anderson, David Braun, Amy Cimarolli, Andrew D Finton, Andrew Manus, Arlene Olivero, Barbara Vickery, Bob Allen, Charles DeCurtis, Charles Ferree, Colin D. Apse, Dan Coker, Dan Morse, David F Klein, Deni Porej, Doug Bechtel, Doug Samson, Frank Lowenstein, Jamison Ervin, Jay Laubengeyer, John Roe, Judy Dunscomb, Julie Lundgren, Kathleen Wainwright, Mark B Carabetta, Mark Bryer, Mark Smith, Mark Zankel, David Lytle, Shyama Khanna, Terry Cook, Terry Sullivan, Thomas Minney, Tim Tear Regional Secured-Lands Team AugustFroehlich (OH), Thomas Minney (WV), Allison Jones (WV), Christopher Bruce(VA), Stephanie Orndorff (PA), Michelle Canick (MD), Kristen Pollard (DE), David Gelona (NJ), Bradford Stratton (NY), Craig Cheeseman (NY), Barnaby Friedman (NY), Sarah Wakefield (VT), Pete Ingraham (NH), Daniel Coker (ME), Katie L. Andrews (MA), Kevin A. Ruddock (RI), Kenneth H. Geisler (CT), Arlene Olivero(ECS), Dan Morse (ECS), Erin Smyth(ERO) National Ecoregional Measures Team Jamie Ervin, Mark Anderson, Rob Sutter, Chris Pague, Jonathan Higgins, Tim Tear, Ian Dutton, Bob Unnacsh Introduction This report aims to measure and summarize the status of Nature Conservation in Eastern North America and Maritime Canada. Using sophisticated quantitative and spatial analysis techniques, the report summarizes three decades of ecological inventory data, geological, hydrological, and landcover mapping, advanced predictive modeling techniques, and expert knowledge from the abundant store of academic, state and privately based conservation scientists in the region. In particular, this analysis builds on the Nature Conservancys Ecoregional Assessments completed over the last decade by teams of scientists representing many different institutions and areas of expertise. Additionally it utilizes the Conservancys recently compiled Secured and Protected Lands data base representing over 150,000 tracts of land in the eastern US and maritime Canada that have conservation value. Ecoregions: Green Areas identify focal regions.  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  The eight focal ecoregions encompassed here are shown above. Detailed information on each assessment may be found at ( website). The 250 million acre area covered includes fourteen Eastern and Mid-Atlantic States, four Canadian Maritime Provinces and the portion of Quebec from the St Lawrence river southward. It is a region of great beauty and diversity from the high mountain alpine meadows to the 12,000 miles of coastal shoreline. Once almost entirely forested it contains over 8223 species of plants, 1304 species of vertebrate animals and 4003 species of larger invertebrates. The region accounts for 1/3 of the North American temperate broadleaf mixed forest habitat type. Bill Bryson, in his book A Walk in the Woods humorously puzzles over why every guide to walking the Appalachian trail gives a slightly different number of miles for its length. A similar situation exists here, only more-so. Life, diversity and natural processes exist as a continuum across scales and time that we do not fully comprehend. Any attempt to count and measure nature is fraught with obstacles Fortunately, ecological features may be productively compared and contrasted if the estimated measurements are done consistently. Thus our goal in this assessment was not precise, 5-digit, accuracy of minutia but a consistent and transparent rendering of trends and the identification of robust patterns. To this end, quantitative ecologists have developed an extensive body of statistical techniques and reporting standards to account for error and variation in estimated parameters. For brevity we report most numbers here without their standard deviations, variances and error bars. Instead we emphasize strong trends by reporting in percentages or broad categories. This stabilizes the results by smoothing out the endless small variations in the exact numbers with little effect on the distribution of objects into categorical groups. With those caveats, we strove for maximum accuracy in all our measures. We hope this document serves as an initial benchmark against which we may measure, focus and improve our conservation efforts into the future. Regional Statistics Total Acres = 250,118,453 Acres of the 8 ecoregions = 208,895,911 Forest 59% Wetlands 4% Water 9% Developed 5% Agriculture 22% Secured Land 20% Protected Land = 4% Rare species = 523 All plants, vertebrates and macro invertebrate species = 13,530 BASIC PRINCIPLES This report aims to answer the question - How protected are the places that sustain the biodiversity of the region? Some places harbor unique features or rare populations, others have the best examples of common or representative ecosystem types, still others have large and influential remnants of once contiguous forest. All of these places are important in maintaining biodiversity and natural processes across the entire region. To assess the conservation status we examined the condition and spatial configuration of three factors: Conservation features Existing threats and constraints Land management status The intersection of the first two factors produced what we refer to as the portfolio of critical occurrences (Figure 1 and 2). The portfolio is our best estimate of the most important places to protect to conserve all biodiversity. Adding the third factor (Figure 3 and 4) allowed us to determine the protection status of the lands that the critical features occur on to gauge where we stand with respect to the conservation of nature. We developed comprehensive information concerning these three factors. Each data layer was obtained from the state or province, compiled for the region using comparable criteria, and maintained in a GIS framework. US Heritage programs and Canadian Conservation Data Centers provided ground inventory points with detailed information on rare species and community types. Figure 1. The universe of conservation features within a region includes all examples of ecosystems, species, stream networks and special features. Some examples are robust, high quality examples with a large influence on the landscape others are small and poor quality.  Likewise the landscape itself has regions that are functionally intact with few roads, little development, high amounts of natural cover and few threats. Other regions are highly fragmented and degraded by numerous factors. Figure 2. The intersection of high quality examples with intact landscapes/low threats defines the Nature Conservancys portfolio of critical examples  Figure 3. The third circle denotes the management status of land, Some lands are permanently dedicated to biodiversity conservation, others are secured against conversion while most are unprotected. Figure 4. The intersection of these three dimensions, the secured portfolio, is the basis of this report on the conservation status of the eastern region  ECOREGIONS  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  The map shows the eastern Ecoregions (full version in map appendix). Acres given to the nearest million. Northern Appalachians / Acadian (83M) Rugged region of mountains, lowlands and shoreline extending from the Adirondack Mountains to the Quebec Highlands and south to the coast. Heavily forested, variations of red spruce-balsam fir and maple-beech-birch northern hardwood forests dominate. High relief areas contain alpine communities, rocky summits, cliffs, and talus slope. Low-lying areas with extensive peatlands, floodplain forests, and riverside seeps. Coastal islands, rocky shores, intermittent beaches and tidal marshes flank the Atlantic. High Allegheny Plateau (17M) Low mountains, high hills, and steep ridges in NY, PA, and NJ. Glaciated sections consist of till soils while unglaciated regions are mostly sandy clays. Heavily wooded with oak-heath, maple-beech-birch and oak-hickory-ash hardwoods dominate. Typical communities include hemlock swamps, leather leaf bogs, and blueberry bogs. Central Appalachians (24M) Uplifted mountainous region of central PA, WV, MD, VA, and TN consisting of high plateaus, folded parallel ridges, a belt of limestone, and uplifted mountains. Sedimentary and shale bedrocks wooded with oak-heath, mixed mesophytic and oak-hickory-ash forest form the dominant matrix. High elevations sport red spruce summits, conifer swamps, talus slopes, shale barrens, ridge-top pitch pine and dwarf red oak communities. Lowlands contain floodplains, rivershore grasslands, ravine and cove forests. Limestone areas have calcareous fens, glades, woodlands and cave features replete with endemic fauna and flora. North Atlantic Coast (13M) Glaciated irregular plains composed of sandy till and modified by coastal processes in NJ, DE, NY, RI, CT, MA, NH, and ME. Kames, kettle holes, drumlins and reworked terminal moraines are typical features. Entirely below 600 ft., the region boasts extensive marine and estuarine habitats including salt marshes, beach dune and barrier island systems, fresh and brackish tidal marshes. Inland forest types include coastal pine-oak forests, and oak-beech-holly forest. Chesapeake Bay (11M) Low coastal and fluvial plains in DE, MD and VA with extensive marine and estuarine habitats. Huge tidal flats and breeding concentrations of horseshoe crabs make it a globally significant stopover site for migrating birds. Mosaics of salt, brackish and fresh tidal marshes, beach dune and barrier islands grade into forest of coastal pine-oak, oak-beech-holly, and red maple-sweetgum swamps. St Lawrence Lake Champlain (12M) Extensive glaciated lake plain, lowlands, moraine hills, and till plains in QC, NY and VT including the Erie and Ontario lake plains, and the St. Lawrence and Champlain valley. Once dominated by floodplain and the now remnant clayplain forests, it is largely agricultural interspersed with forests of maple, beech, birch, hemlock and white pine. Fire dependent pine-heath barrens and pitch pine-scrub oak barrens are locally common, as are a variety of lakeshore and limestone-related communities. Lower New England / N. Piedmont (23M) Extensive low-relief plains from ME to PA with scattered hills and low mountains. The till covered lowlands, glacial features such as lake basins, eskers, and drumlin fields are common. Well-drained coarse sandy soils forested with red oak-hemlock-white pine matrix. A variety of fire-related communities such as pitch pine-scrub oak barrens or serpentine barrens are typical. Forested swamps are widespread and, in limestone regions, calcareous seepage swamps, fens and seeps are typical. Western Allegheny Plateau (27 M) Mature, stream-dissected plateau in NY, PA, OH and WV with high hills, sharp ridges and narrow valleys. The northern section exhibits till soils and glacial features. The unglaciated southern section includes the Teays valley created by a major preglacial river. This region highly agricultural with only 25 - 50 % forest. Oak-heath forests, maple-beech-birch hardwoods and basswood-buckeye mixed mesophytic forest more common in the unglaciated areas. Strip-mining, and grazing accounts for most of the remaining land cover. PORTFOLIO of CRITICAL OCCURRENCES SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  The Portfolio Map (full version in appendix) shows the location of the best examples of: Terrestrial Intact Forest Blocks Large (10,000 100,000 acre) areas of contiguous forests with few roads and mostly intact interior forest ecosystem features. Terrestrial Non-forest Ecosystems* Alpine ecosystems Summits and ridges Cliffs, steep slopes, bowls & ravines Barrens and flats Coastal dunes and beaches Wetland Ecosystems Forested swamps Bogs and fens Fresh water marshes Tidal salt and brackish marshes Seeps and swales Floodplains Shoreline meadows Aquatic Stream Networks Large Rivers Medium sized streams Small headwater, feeder and coastal streams Species Rare mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates, plants and global endemics. Wide-ranging vertebrates Breeding, wintering and stopover concentrations What is the Portfolio and Why is it Important? The conservation portfolio was developed to identify those places that are the most critical to conserve. It reflects the understanding that some places play a more important role than others in maintaining biodiversity across the landscape. Particularly crucial are source habitats for interior forest species, complete and functional examples of common ecosystems, viable populations and breeding sites of rare species, and flowing stream systems connected from headwater to mouth. These occurrences have been evaluated based on their size, condition and landscape context, and have had their importance confirmed by over 60,000 ground inventory points provided by State Natural Heritage Programs and Canadian Conservation Data centers. Additionally they reflect the knowledge and opinions of over 500 ecologists, biologists, forest managers and wildlife specialists from academic, state and federal institutions. The portfolio of critical occurrences has taken almost a decade of collaborative effort to develop and is revised and maintained annually based on new information and conservation progress. How are these Data Used? These are not the only places to do conservation, of course, but the portfolio provides a scientific gauge to assess whether our finite conservation dollars and efforts are being directed at the most influential and critical places. Throughout this document conservation effort are summarized in two ways: 1) relative to all features in the region and 2) relative to the critical occurrences in the portfolio. The two perspectives allow for a refined understanding of how efforts are totaling up. For further information on the portfolio contact your state Nature Conservancy office or the Eastern Regional Conservation Science Team which is responsible for the development and maintenance of the information. * Includes specialized patch-forming forest types SCREENING CRITERIA Size and Condition Example: Chart of disturbances and species area requirements for Eastern Forests  Threats Surface Map components Example: Land-cover (full version in appendix)  Example: Roads and Road-bounded Blocks  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? The influence of a particular ecosystem example or a species breeding location on maintaining regional biodiversity is due, in a large part to its size and condition. Ideally, an ecosystem should be complete with respect to its component species, should serve as source habitat for characteristic species and play a pivotal role in exporting individuals to the larger landscape. High quality examples contain habitat in which the component species thrive because the habitat provides adequate resources, minimizes mortality and facilitates reproduction. Critical population sites or breeding areas consistently produce surplus individuals that emigrate to the larger landscape. High quality habitat may also serve as refugia or strongholds of rare or uncommon species that have already disappeared from the surrounding landscape. The landscape context in which the occurrence is found is also crucial in determining whether the feature will persist into the next century and what sort of threat pressures are likely to constrain its influence or impair its function. Landscape context is commonly evaluated by creating a spatially explicit threat surface map, developed by compiling maps of features such as development, agriculture, quarries, mining leases, roads, road-bounded block sizes, dams, toxic release points, ownerships, housing density etc. This allows any point on the landscape to be objectively ranked as to degree of threat and the pressure summarized by a numeric index. We established and applied screening criteria to every ecosystem and species example to determine if it was likely to be a critical occurrence and qualify for the portfolio. Those that met the criteria were referred to as qualifying, those that did not meet the criteria were classified as supporting occurrences important but not crucial to the conservation of biodiversity in the ecoregion. The criteria used to separate the critical occurrences from the supporting ones were: Size and Condition of the occurrence. Threat and Landscape context surrounding the occurrence. Application of the screening criteria eliminated thousands of potential occurrences from the portfolio narrowing the set of final places down to those that were absolutely critical in maintaining biodiversity in the region. These are used as a benchmark to determine if land protection is focused on the crucial places. PERMANENTLY SECURED LANDS  Map of permanently secured lands (full version in appendix)   Data Sources: TNC: Lands permanently secured from conversion to development (Dec 2005) What is This Measure and Why is it Important? This indicator looks at land ownership and identifies those tracts of lands that have permanent legal protection against conversion to development. We classified the land into three protection levels: GAP 1 lands are explicitly protected for biodiversity with a management plan to ensure this purpose and to allow for natural processes to occur freely (nature reserves, research natural areas). GAP 2 lands are explicitly conserved for biodiversity but allow for alterations of natural processes, artificial manipulations and multiple uses (wildlife refuges, some US national parks). Most of the lands shown are GAP 3, defined as subject to extractive practices such as logging but governed to policy restrictions such as maintaining stream buffer areas (Crown lands, state forests). GAP 3 land will remain in primarily natural cover and is likely to play a key supporting role in maintaining biodiversity. What Do the Data Show? Twenty percent of the region, equaling 34 million acres, is protected from conversion but only 4.3% is explicitly protected for biodiversity. Summed by ecoregion, amounts range from a high in the Northern Appalachian Acadian ecoregion of 28% secured lands with 7% GAP 1 or 2, to a low of 2.3% secured lands with 0.3% in GAP 1 or 2 in the neighboring St Lawrence lowlands and Champlain valley. The three mountainous ecoregions have the highest levels of protection. Coastal regions have higher levels of protection than the two ecoregions dominated by agriculture. Public lands account for 85% of the GAP 1 & 2 lands and state or provincial lands make up the bulk of it. Private land accounts for 891,000 acres, or 10%, of the area explicitly protected for biodiversity. Nature Conservancy lands account for half of that 443,603 acres. How is this measure calculated? The data base was created using existing state, provincial and federal data layers compiled and calibrated by the Nature Conservancys Eastern Regional Science team into a single coverage. Base information was augmented with parcel data from the Nature Conservancy and other land trusts, collected, categorized and digitized using funding provided by Sweetwater Trust and other foundations. COLLECTIVE CONSERVATION Species Example: Piping Plover  Ecosystem Example: Acidic Fens  Matrix Forest Example: Four US Ecoregions  Data source: TNC's ecoregional assessments What is this Measure and Why is it Important? The conservation of critical ecosystems and species is an joint publicprivate effort. This measure examines, accounts for, and recognizes, the vast network of players involved in achieving a cumulative conservation effect. Sorting out acquisitions, fee ownership, management leads and easement holders can be complex. The charts and tables have been simplified to provide the clearest picture of how responsibilities are distributed across organizations and individuals. What Do the Data Show? Patterns differ from target to target but general trends are reflected in these three examples given. The conservation of species such as the piping plover, and small ecological systems such as the acidic fens, is dispersed across ownerships (14 for the plover and 19 for the fens) and ownership categories (shown by color groups). The conservation of large contiguous matrix-forest blocks in the US is dominated by state lands (70%) with federal and private contributing about 15 % each. In Canada the same pattern holds with provincial lands making up the bulk of forest protection. Within a single forest block conservation ownerships range from sole organizations to over 20 different organizations and individuals. . The analysis highlights the significant results achieved by collective and collaborative conservation efforts. Notable is the large role played by private conservation lands in the East. How is the measure calculated? Information on tract boundaries, fee ownership, easement holders, organization types, acreages, and level of protection are maintained in a spatial data base of over 150,000 separate tracts of permanently secured lands. This information can be overlaid with other spatial data sets such as the locations of critical features to identify the correspondence between ownerships and targets. CRISIS ECOREGIONS Ratio of Conversion to Protection by Ecoregion  The Conservation Risk Index (CRI)  Data Sources: NLCD landcover (US Environmental Protection Agency), Permanently Secured Lands (The Nature Conservancy Eastern US region) Crisis and Opportunity Ecoregions have been identified at a coarse level for all the biomes and ecoregions on Earth. This categorization is an important part of the prioritization process used by the Nature Conservancy to reach its 2015 goal What is This Measure and Why is it Important? The Conservation Risk Index measures the disparity between habitat loss and protection. Assuming that the region was once entirely covered by natural systems, this indicator examines the proportion of the region is now converted and compares it to the proportion that has been protected for biodiversity. A high CRI suggests that conversion is happening at rates 5 to 10 to 50 times faster than conservation. Regions with 20% or above conversion and a CRI of over 2% (twice as much conversion as protection) are considered Vulnerable while those with conversion >40% and CRI > 10 are considered Endangered and those with conversion >50% and CRI > 24 are considered Critically Endangered (Hoekstra et al 2005). In these analyses, lands managed for forest extraction are treated as natural cover but are not considered protected. What Do the Data Show? The Eastern Region is 18% converted and has a 4 to 1 ratio of conversion to protection (CRI = 4.3), suggesting the region is being converted to non-natural cover four times faster than it is being protected. Five of the ecoregions have a CRI between 10 and 75. These are all lowland ecoregions where protection rates would need to increase dramatically to keep up with conversion rates. In the mountainous ecoregions of the Central Appalachians (7.8) and High Allegheny plateau (5.1) the disparity is less but still formidable. Only in the Northern Appalachian Acadian ecoregion that contains the Adirondacks, Baxter State Park, the White and Green Mountains and a large reserve system in the Quebec highlands and Canadian Maritimes are the rates actually reversed such that protection is slightly ahead of conversion. The latter situation results in a CRI with a value less than 1. ECOLOGICAL LAND UNITS   EMBED PowerPoint.Slide.8  ELU MAP see MAP appendix for larger image  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? This indicator examines which ecological features are currently under protection. Are we consistently missing certain features in our current protection network? Are we over emphasizing particular types of environments at the expense of others? To evaluate this we used a data layer known as ecological land units or ELUs, composed of topographic landforms, bedrock and surficial geology and elevation zones, like a high elevation granite cliff. The units were carefully created to reflect physical environments that underlie and explain biodiversity patterns. For example, the regions remarkable rich hardwood forests tend to occur on steep slopes at mid elevations on sedimentary or calcareous soils a setting easily measured by an ELU analysis. We consider two aspects of protection on the following two pages. Percent protected (page 12) summarizes the amount of each feature occurring on secured lands. Representativeness (page 13) examines the proportion of the feature that occurs on reserves (GAP 1 or 2) relative to the proportion of that feature in the region. . What Do the Data Show? Both measures indicate that high elevations, cliffs, summits, ridge-tops and ravines are the most extensively protected features in the region and are many times more common in the protected lands than they are throughout the region. This indicates a strong bias in past conservation efforts towards scenic features that often occur on lands not suitable for other uses. Fine sediment soils (floodplains, clayplains and valley bottoms), dry flatlands and gently sloping hills are poorly protected and much more common in the region that they are in the protected lands. Coastal areas and sandy soils are also incompletely protected and more common in the landscape than in the protected areas. Data sources: TNC: Ecological land units, TNC Lands permanently secured from conversion. ELU 1: PERCENT PROTECTED  . What is this Measure and Why is it Important? This indicator examines the amount of each of ecological feature on land permanently secured from conversion to development. To evaluate this we combined the ecological land unit (ELU) data layer with the secured lands data. The ecological land units (ELUs) reflect physical environments that underlie and explain biodiversity patterns (see previous page). They may be used to determine the cumulative effect of conservation efforts over the last two centuries. What do the data show? High elevations over 1700 feet, and steep slopes and cliffs are well covered having over half of their total acreage on secured lands with a GAP 3 status. Very high alpine communities are almost 100% on secured lands with 82% of that being on land protected for biodiversity. Other high elevation and steep slope features have between 20-25% on lands protected for biodiversity. Urgently in need of protection are fine sediment floodplains and clayplains, low elevation valleys and hills, calcareous bedrocks, and unique shale bedrocks, settings that are all below 10% on secured lands with very small percentages protected for biodiversity. These are critical places for biodiversity but are also conducive to farming and settlement. The calcareous regions coincide with high endemism, especially in cave and karst landscapes. Coastal regions and coarse sandy soils and low elevations rolling hill landscapes are fairing slightly better with between 10-20% secured but mostly less than 5% protected for biodiversity. These regions also harbor some of this regions most unique and threatened systems and species. ELU 2: REPRESENTATIVENESS  How do you read this chart? Ecological features that are found in protected lands at exactly the same proportion as they occur in the region are shown on the chart at the vertical "zero line" indicating a 1 to 1 ratio. Those with higher representation in the protected lands are shown to the right of the line; those with larger abundances in the region but poor representation in the protected lands are shown left of the line. What Do the Data Show? Cliffs, high elevations, summits, ridge-tops and ravines are five to twenty times more common in the protected lands than they are in the region, indicating a strong bias in current land protection towards hard acidic bedrock features occurring on lands not suitable for other uses. Fine sediment soils (floodplains, clayplains and valley bottoms), calcareous soils, low elevation, dry flatlands and gently sloping hills are two to five times more common in the region than they are in the protected lands. We recommend that future protection efforts focus on the latter environments to achieve a balanced and representative conservation portfolio supporting all biodiversity. Coastal zone and coarse sand features (almost all at very low elevations) are somewhat underrepresented in the protected areas being two to three times more common in the landscape. Wetlands are protected at almost the same proportion that they occur in the landscape being slightly higher on the conservation lands. This trend is partially due to most wetlands being small and evenly distributed throughout the region at all elevations and across all bedrock types. Many of the critical wetlands are large and occur at low elevations on coarse and fine sediments. These are mostly unprotected. See the pages on the wetland portfolio for information on the protection of the critical wetlands in the region. Data sources: TNC: Ecological land units, TNC Lands permanently secured from conversion. PRIVATE CONSERVATION Features accounting for 10% or more of Private Conservation Land  Features accounting for less than 10% of Private Conservation Land.  Note: In both of the above figures the total % adds up to 300% due to the three overlapping 100% layers of elevation, geology and landforms) What is this Measure and Why is it Important? The ecological land unit and secured lands analysis indicate that land conservation efforts should step up the protection of fine sediment, low elevation, calcareous bedrock and coastal/coarse sediment regions. To what extent is this already happening? This measure examines the secured lands data by ownership patterns to identify trends in who is protecting what. What do the data show? In aggregate, private conservation efforts account for 11% of the total secured lands. Examination of private and local effort reveals that low to moderate elevations predominate as do acidic sedimentary and granite bedrocks. Flats and gently sloping hills collectively comprise 69% of the landforms. Features accounting for less than 10% of private conservation lands may be divided into two categories. The first are features that currently enjoy high levels of protection in the existing conservation lands. These include: high and very high elevation, steep slopes coves and toeslopes Ultramafic and intermediate bedrocks Summits and ridgetops The second are features and setting that could benefit from private efforts. These include Calcareous and moderately calcareous substrates Fine sediment settings Coastal zone features The latter suggests areas of focus where private conservation dollars could strongly complement public land conservation Landscape Intactness  Landcover Map (NLCD) Blocks of Contiguous Natural Cover over 80%  Distribution of Contiguous Natural Cover Blocks  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? This measure is used to find areas of contiguous natural cover. The regions are likely to have intact landscape processes and high levels of connectivity. For those features that occur in these areas, the likelihood of them persisting over time is greater than the same features occurring in highly fragmented areas. How is this Measure Calculated? To build this indicator the entire region (US only) was divided into a regular grid consisting of 25,000 acre interlocking cells (hexagons). The amount of natural land cover was calculated for each cell and those with 80% of higher natural land cover were selected. Adjacent cells were aggregated into larger units. What Do the Data Show? The results identified 83 blocks of contiguous cover with eight of them being over a half a million acres. The two largest blocks were each over 25 Million acres each. These are potentially key areas where conservation could be taken to the landscape scale working with people and industry to prevent fragmentation and maintain critical connections. Smaller scale protection within these intact landscapes could focus on specific features. When examined by ecoregion the Northern Appalachians emerges as the most intact region, followed by the Central Appalachians, High Allegheny, Lower New England and Western Allegheny Plateau driven mostly by the two giant blocks. The North Atlantic Coast had three blocks (NJ pine barrens, CT/RI Borderlands and Cape Cod) that stand out as intact coastal regions. Distribution of Land Cover  FOREST PORTFOLIO Portfolio: 360 forest blocks collectively representing all forest types of the region. The background matrix shows areas where natural cover is over 75%. Core Reserves: the number of forest blocks by region, ecoregion and state  Forest Buffer: chart shows total percent forest cover by region, ecoregion and state  . What is this Measure and Why is it Important? Forests are the dominant ecosystem of Eastern North America, which is the center of distribution for many trees such as red spruce and striped maple as well as thousand of shrubs, ferns, herbs and forest dwelling species. The ecoregional assessments identified 360 critical forest blocks, representing the largest, most intact, remaining examples of forest interior regions that collectively contain all forest types of the region. This indicator examines two aspects of forest conservation: 1) the protection of large forest reserves where conservation is focused on the restoration of forest ecosystems and on providing source breeding area for interior species, 2) the conservation of forest cover at huge scales through preventing conversion and promoting best management practices. What Do the Data Show? The establishment of core reserves within the best remaining examples of every forest type is proceeding rapidly. Currently 20% of the 360 critical forest areas now have reserves of 10,000 acres or greater. Protected forest cores are concentrated in the three mountainous ecoregions: the Northern Appalachian-Acadian, Central Appalachian and High Allegheny regions. Conversely, no adequate sized core reserves have been established in the St. Lawrence Lake Champlain region. A moderate number (9-13%) have been established in the other ecoregions. Protection trends of forest-cover parallel those of reserves with the three mountainous regions having over 50% remaining natural cover and over 15% of that secured against conversion. The lowland regions have much less remaining cover with Lower New England, North Atlantic Coast and Western Allegheny all have only 20-40% existing and 2-6% secured. Other ecoregions are in critical condition with the St Lawrence have only 15% remaining cover and the Chesapeake region having only 3% remaining both have only 1% of that secured against conversion. Data source: TNC's ecoregional assessments TERRESTRIAL NON-FOREST PORTFOLIO*  Portfolio: 7993 critical occurrences identified in nine ecosystem types described below. 32% Protected (P) on GAP 1 or 2 land, 35% Secured (S) on GAP 3 land. Acidic slopes & summits: Sloping terrestrial ecosystems on acidic shales, conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, or granites. Includes land with over 6% slope or narrow summits associated with sloping features. A large, diverse group that includes mountains, rocky summits, cliffs, talus slopes, steep hillsides, landslide scares, unstable shale slopes, bowls, ravines, dry river bluffs and craggy outcrops. P:35%, S:41% Calcareous slopes & summits. Sloping terrestrial ecosystems on limestone, dolomites, or moderately calcareous sedimentary rocks. Includes land with over 6% slopes or narrow summits associated with sloping features. These calcareous summits, cliffs, talus slopes and river bluffs are uncommon due to their susceptibility to weathering. Many rare plants are associated with the high PH and nutrient content. P:30%, S:49% Acidic barrens and pavements. Level terrestrial ecosystems on acidic shales, conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, or granites and defined by flats with less than 6% slope. A common setting dominated by forest. The non-forest ecosystems are extreme rocky glades and pavements with shallow soils, sparse trees and scattered heaths and grasses. Many are fire prone. P:25%, S:27% Calcareous barrens. Terrestrial ecosystems on limestone, dolomites, dolostone, or moderately calcareous shales and sandstones and defined by flats with less than 6% slope. Ecosystems in this group have exposed bedrock and shallow soils, exemplified by the limestone glades and woodlands. Most are sparsely wooded with scattered herbs and rarities. P:5%, S:16% Sandy barrens and flats: Terrestrial ecosystems on coarse sands above 20ft elevation and not directly in the maritime zone. Ecosystems in this group have well drained, droughty acidic soils and are often fire-prone or slow to recover from disturbances. They share characteristics with acidic flats and coastal communities. The most common are pitch pine scrub oak barrens associated with fires or agricultural abandonment. The group also includes dry oak forests, inland sand barrens and successional shrublands. P:19%, S:21% Clay-silt seepage forests: Terrestrial ecosystems on fine grained silts and clays deposited on ancient lake beds at elevations above 20ft. Ecosystems in this group have poorly drained, silty soils sometimes rich in nutrients. A number of moist forest types occur here often with mesic, seepage, or clayplain, in their state names. Some distinctive grassland types including moist calcareous grasslands and related communities occasionally occur in this setting. P:25%, S:16% Coastal dunes and barrens: Terrestrial ecosystems on coarse or fine sands directly on the coast at elevations below 20ft and influenced by maritime processes. Ecosystems in this group include maritime dunes and shrublands, coastal oak-holly woodlands, pitch pine woodlands, maritime spruce-fir forests, and coastal post oak forest. P:24%, S:11% Coastal bedrock shores, flats and cliffs: Terrestrial ecosystems on rocky shores, coastal cliffs and open headlands. P:17%, S12% Serpentine Barrens and Openings: Terrestrial ecosystems on soils or bedrock very high in magnesium and ferric irons (mafic) toxic to many species but conducive to tolerant plant rarities. Mostly serpentine bedrock outcrops and openings. P:56%, S:3% Alpine: Krummholz-meadow-rock mosaics over 4500. P:80%, S11% Caves: Subterranean systems, usually in limestone. P:8%, S:0% * includes non-matrix, patch-forming forest types WETLAND PORTFOLIO  Portfolio: 6760 critical occurrences identified in seven wetland types described below. 14% are Protected (P) on land with a GAP 1 or 2 status, 17% are Secured (S) on GAP 3 land. Acidic bogs, swamps and marshes:. Palustrine ecosystems on acidic shales, conglomerates, sandstones or siltstones, or granites. A large diverse group that includes a variety of tree-dominated forested swamps, shrub-dominated bogs and shrub swamps, or sedge-dominated acidic fens and flushes. Most have pH values below 5 and accumulate sphagnum or sedge peat to form a spongy substrate. P:30%, S:29% Calcareous fens and marshes. Palustrine ecosystems on limestone, dolomite or moderately calcareous sedimentary rocks. Rare plants are associated with the high PH waters especially where oxygenated from mild flows along gentle slopes. Typical state named types include rich fens, sloping fens, shrub fens, red maple - larch treed fens, calcareous seeps and spring fens. These have had extensive inventory and study over the last decade. P:24%, S:19% Sandy outwash pondshores and marshes: Palustrine ecosystems on coarse sands above 20ft elevation and not directly in the maritime zone. Wetland in this group tend to have fluctuating hydrologies resulting from being set in well-drained sands deposited over an impervious soil horizon. Emblematic of this group are the coastal plain pondshores with their unique floras. Equally common. are vernal pools, saturated pitch pine wetlands, buttonbush shrub swamps and coastal plain poor fens. P:21%, S31% Clay-silt wetlands and marshes. Palustrine ecosystems on fine grained silts and clays deposited on ancient lake beds at elevations above 20ft. A large proportion of emergent marshes and green ash swamps occur in these sediments often in conjunction with the moist seepage forests of slightly drier areas. P:21%, S:23% Estuarine tidal wetlands: Wetlands wholly or partially inundated by tidal saline waters. In sheltered bays tidal marshes may be extensive or they may occur as fringing wetlands along intricate shorelines. Typical communities include high and low salt marsh, brackish marsh, tidal flats and salt ponds. P:6%, S:6% Coastal Bedrock wetlands. Wetlands in the maritime zone on relatively thin soils over bedrock. Types include maritime slope bog, coastal plateau bog and sea level fens. P:16%, S17%. Floodplains and riverside communities. Wetlands associated with moderate to large sized rivers and dependent on river flooding processes. Floodplain forests, riverside scour meadows, riverside seeps and outcrops, sand and gravel bar communities. (Note: upper floodplain terrace forests were classified as terrestrial and alluvial swamps and marshes were classified as palustrine wetlands in one of the previous groups). P:18%, S:29% SPECIES PROTECTION LEVELS Species Groups  Individual Species Example: Piping Plover  All species: distribution of reserve lands  Data Sources: TNC ecoregional plans, Natureserve: Natural Heritage occurrence data; used with permission. What is this Measure and Why is it Important? For many rare species, direct protection of their habitat and breeding areas is a critical step towards ensuring their long term persistence. This indicator examines 483 rare, endemic or wide-ranging species* and asks the question How many viable populations are currently found on reserve lands or secured lands? How many populations are unprotected? *(excluding fish) What Do the Data Show? In the East, considerable progress has been made in species conservation over the last several decades. Of the 4351 qualifying occurrences located for rare species 46% are on secured lands with half of those, 22%, occurring on biodiversity focused reserves. TNC land accounts for 2% of the latter. Conservation trends are relatively consistent across taxonomic groups. For vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians) 55% of the over 1000 qualifying occurrences are now on secured lands, including 26% on biodiversity reserves. Over 900 populations of rare invertebrate species have been located and 59% are now on secured lands with 19% on strict reserves. Rare plants are moderately protected, with 43% of the 2,388 qualifying populations now on secured lands, including 21% on reserves. Information is presented species-by-species and summarized by region, ecoregion and state or province in the appendix. The Piping Plover example illustrates how to interpret the charts and tables. The Plover has a population size of some 1600 pairs that breed at 130 critical breeding areas (qualifying occurrences) in our region, 35 of these areas are on now on GAP 1,2 reserve lands and 11 are on GAP 3 secured lands. The species was identified as a conservation target in the North Atlantic Coast (NAC), Chesapeake Bay (CBY) and Northern Appalachian/Acadian (NAP) ecoregions. The former contained the majority of qualifying occurrences. An initial minimum goal for the protection of at least 10 breeding areas per ecoregion, totals to 30 for the region. As a whole, regional protection is beyond that minimum but protection is distributed unevenly and is below the minimum in the NAP ecoregion. In that region, conservation should focus on the 7 New Brunswick occurrences which are mostly unprotected. For all species, private conservation accounts for 25% of the reserve lands, 15% more than expected. SPECIES PROTECTION (CONT.) Species Protection on reserves  Plant occurrences (usually mapped populations) 20 or more mapped locations on reserves Bushy Rockrose 27 Shale barren rockcress 24 Mountain Avens 24 10-20 mapped locations on reserves Nodding mandarin 16 Dwarf white birch 14 Bog bluegrass 13* Seabeach knotweed 13 Alpine goldenrod 13 Swamp-pink 12* Boott's rattlesnake root 12 Wiegand's sedge 11* 5- 10 mapped locations on reserves Eastern Jacobs ladder 9 Harper's fimbristylis 9 Creeping st. John's-wort 9 Hairy arnica 9 Variable sedge 7 Rock skullcap 6 Darlington's glade spurge 6 Rose coreopsis 6 Millboro leatherflower 6 Gray's lily 6 White alumroot 5 New england bluet 5 Canby's mountain-lover 5 Torrey's mountain mint 5 What is this Measure and Why is it Important? For most rare species, research suggests that conserving an absolute minimum of ten viable local populations will be necessary to ensure conservation over one century. This indicator looks specifically at the 483 rare, endemic or wide-ranging species in the region and asks the question For how many species are there over 20 qualifying occurrences or mapped locations on GAP 1 or 2 reserves? Over 10? Over 5? Over 1? For how many are there none on reserves? What Do the Data Show? Many species (44%) have less than four populations on reserves and 46% have no occurrences on reserve land. Only 5 species (1%) have over 20 breeding populations on reserve land while 5% have between 5 and 10, and 4% between 10 and 20. In spite of large conservation efforts, our rarest species remain highly vulnerable to extinction over the next century. Animal occurrences (usually breeding locations) 20 or more mapped locations on reserves Piping Plover 35 Bicknells Thrush 34 10-20 mapped locations on reserves Karner blue 19 Pine barrens bluet 18 Peregrine falcon 17 Water-willow borer 16 Maritime shrew 13 Frosted elfin 11* Ringed bog haunter 10 Bog turtle 10 NE. beach tiger beetle 10 5- 10 mapped locations on reserves Cheat Mt. Salamander 8 Indiana bat 6 Gaspe Shrew 6 Timber rattlesnake 5 Allegheny woodrat 5 Cow knob salamander 5 Peaks of otter salamander 5 *has distribution gaps across ecoregions Data Sources: TNC ecoregional plans, Natureserve: Natural Heritage occurrence data; used with permission. VERTEBRATES Eastern Fauna: 1304 species Primary Targets = 49 species (77 incl. fish) Qualifying Occurrences = 1064    Data Sources: TNC ecoregional plans, Natureserve: Natural Heritage occurrence data; used with permission.  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? In the ecoregional planning process, 77 species, or 5% of the eastern vertebrate fauna, was identified as needing direct conservation action. For each of these primary targets, known population sites were identified and evaluated, and a conservation plan was developed. This status measure looks specifically at high quality occurrences and groups them into protection categories Vulnerable: not urgent (22%) = less than 10 known qualifying occurrences, all are on GAP1-3 land Vulnerable and Urgent (33%) = less than 10 known qualifying occurrences and not all on GAP 1-3 lands Urgent (10%) = more than 10 known qualifying occurrences but less than 10 on GAP 1-2 lands Minimum Ten Secured (27%) = over 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 3 lands but less than 10 on GAP 1-2 reserves Minimum Ten Protected (8%) = over 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 1-2 reserves What Do the Data Show? Three mountainous ecoregions and eight states/provinces have more than half of their identified rare vertebrate occurrences on secured lands. The coastal and agriculturally dominated ecoregions are all below 50%. Moreover, 65% are still vulnerable to extinction from unexpected events and low population sizes and 33% are urgently in need of inventory and protection. Species for which conservation efforts are progressing include the Piping plover, Bicknells thrush, Indiana Bat and Gaspe shrew. For every species the known safety net was calculated as equal to all mapped locations (regardless of condition) on GAP 1-3 lands. Results for every species are in appendix I INVERTEBRATES Eastern Fauna: 4003 species Primary Targets = 176 species Qualifying Occurrences = 1416    Data Sources: TNC ecoregional plans, Natureserve: Natural Heritage occurrence data; used with permission.  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? In the ecoregional planning process, 176 species, or 4% of the eastern invertebrate fauna, were identified as needing direct conservation action. For each of these primary targets, known population sites were identified and evaluated, and a conservation plan was developed. This status measure looks specifically at high quality occurrences and groups them into protection categories Vulnerable: not urgent (18%) = less than 10 known qualifying occurrences, all are on GAP1-3 land Vulnerable and Urgent (60%) = less than 10 known qualifying occurrences and some are not on GAP 1-3 lands Urgent (15%) = more than 10 known qualifying occurrences but less than 10 on GAP 1-2 lands Ten Secured (4%) = more than 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 3 lands but less than 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 1-2 reserves Ten Protected (3%) = over 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 1-2 reserves. What Do the Data Show? Most ecoregions and states have less than half of their rare invertebrate occurrences on secured lands, the exceptions being Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maryland, and the North Atlantic Coast Ecoregion. Sixty percent of the species were still in urgent need of both protection and inventory efforts. Moreover, 93% are still vulnerable to extinction from unexpected events and low population sizes. Species for which conservation efforts are progressing well include the Frosted Elfin, Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle, Pine Barrens Bluet, Karner Blue Butterfly, Decodon Stem Borer Moth and the Winged Bog Haunter Dragonfly. For each species the known safety net was calculated as equal to all mapped locations (regardless of condition) on GAP 1-3 lands. Species by species results are in appendix I PLANTS Eastern Flora: 8223 species Primary targets = 253 species, Qualifying Occurrences = 2388    Data Sources: TNC ecoregional plans, Natureserve: Natural Heritage occurrence data; used with permission.  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? In the ecoregional planning process, 253, species, or 3% of the extensive Eastern flora, were identified as needing direct conservation action. For each of these primary targets, known population sites were identified and evaluated, and a conservation plan was developed. This status measure looks specifically at high quality occurrences and groups them into protection categories Vulnerable: not urgent (20%) = less than 10 known qualifying occurrences, all are on GAP1-3 land. Vulnerable and Urgent (55%) = less than 10 known qualifying occurrences and some are not on GAP 1-3 land. Urgent (14%) = more than 10 known qualifying occurrences but less than 10 on GAP 1-2 reserves. Ten Secured (7%) = more than 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 3 land but less than 10 on GAP 1-2 reserves. Ten Protected 4% = over 10 qualifying occurrences on GAP 1-2 reserves. What Do the Data Show? Two ecoregions and five states have over half of their rare plant occurrences on secured lands, but 55% of the species were still in urgent need of both protection and inventory efforts. Moreover, 89% are still vulnerable to extinction from unexpected events and low population sizes. Species for which conservation efforts are progressing include Shale barren rockcress, Dwarf white birch, Mountain avens, Bushy rockrose, Seabeach knotweed, Boott's rattlesnake root, Alpine goldenrod, Wiegand sedge, Nodding mandarin, Swamp pink and Bog bluegrass For each species the known safety net was calculated as equal to all mapped locations (regardless of condition) on GAP 1-3 land. Species by species results are in appendix 1. CENTERS OF ENDEMISM All Endemic G1 G3 Species  Regional Endemic G1-G3 Species by Ecoregion  Red Spruce distribution map, an example of a common regional endemic not include here.  Data Source: TNC ecoregional assessments, Natureserve, Natural Heritage community element occurrences. Flora of North America What is an Endemic and Why is it Important? Endemic species are those for which the entire known population is restricted to, or centered around, a particular geographic region. It follows that the region is solely responsible for the conservation of that species. In Eastern North America. All of the globally rare G1 and G2 species in the east are endemic as are most of the slightly more common G3 species. A few caveats are useful in interpreting endemic patterns. First, this analysis and most Hot Spot analyses, are based largely on vertebrates, higher plants and well studied macro invertebrates. Estimates suggest that the former two (vertebrates and higher plants) account for about 10% of the species within an ecosystem. Adding the macro invertebrates is helpful although the data is less consistent. Fundamentally, however, most of the species that perform the functional aspects and account for the diversity of nature are the billions of micro-invertebrates, algae and fungi that are not well inventoried, nor counted. Second, most regional endemics such as red spruce or moosewood have the core of their distribution centered in this region but are not uncommon in the region. These high regional responsibility species were not included in this analysis. Many scientists have come to believe that the conservation of all species can probably only be accomplished through the protection of functioning ecosystems hence the change in conservation biology from a species-by-species focus to an ecosystem focus. What Do the Data Show? The Central Appalachians are an important center of rare endemics based largely on cave invertebrates and rare salamanders. Slighly less dramatic are the coastal and shoreline species, along with calcareous region species, that highlight the Northern Appalachian/ Acadian, North Atlantic Coast and Lower New England ecoregions. Patterns for G1-G3 species appear to follow those for G1-G2 species. FUTURE THREATS: HOUSING DENSITY PRESSURE  Highest rates in dark red Map of Housing Density Rates (explained in text) and rates summarized by ecoregion  Natural Communities and Ecosystems in relation to Housing Density Pressure:  What is this Measure and Why is it Important? The Housing Density Pressure (HDP) index estimates rate and intensity of housing pressure based on trends in the census data from 1940 projected through 2050. On the map dark red indicates areas where the rate of change is fast with housing density predicted to reach urban levels in the next 45 years, dark green indicates areas where the rate of change are slow. The latter areas will remain at low density rural levels through 2050. The index is calculated by fitting a regression line to five decades of census data and four decades of forecasted trends. What Do the Data Show? Coastal systems are subject to the highest housing density pressure with in the next half century. Our best salt marshes, beaches, coastal plain ponds and tidal wetlands are all found in counties that are rapidly moving towards urban densities. Floodplain systems, already heavily impaired by agricultural fragmentation and water regulations, are also at high risk from housing density pressure. Calcareous soil ecosystems such as rich fens and rich hardwood forests are subject to moderate rates of housing density pressure. At the other end of the spectrum, alpine systems, high elevation spruce fir forests and remote conifer swamps are under very little development pressure for the next half century. These systems are also the ones most prevalently on lands secure against conversion, underscoring the pattern that protection has historically focused on some of our regions least threatened ecosystems. When summarized by ecoregion, the North Atlantic Coast, Lower New England and Chesapeake Bay all stand out as regions with extremely high rates housing density pressure. Data Source: Theobold 2003, TNC Eastern Conservation Science TNC ecoregional assessments, Natureserve, Natural Heritage community element occurrences ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover    Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna CENTRAL APPALACHIANS Ecoregion Description: Uplifted mountainous region of central PA, WV, MD, VA, and TN with high plateaus, folded parallel ridges, a belt of limestone. Sedimentary and shale bedrocks wooded with oak-heath, mixed mesophytic and oak-hickory-ash forest form the dominant matrix. Systems include red spruce summits, conifer swamps, talus slopes, shale barrens, ridge-top pitch pine and dwarf red oak communities. Lowlands contain floodplains, river shore grasslands, ravine and cove forests. Limestone areas have calcareous fens, glades, oak woodlands and cave features replete with endemic fauna and flora. Size: 23,882,008 acres GAP 1,2 =14%, GAP 3 = 17% Unsecured = 80% Converted to Protected ratio: 7.8 (V) Natural Cover: 72% # Endemic species: 192 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 1271 Portfolio Stream-miles: 6136 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 27 / 22% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 86 / 41% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 48 / 38% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 1110 / 18% GAP 1,2 Average = 30% +/- 11% Sum = 20% Aquatic Stream miles: 6136 / 11% Terrestrial Protection Average = 30% +/- 11% Housing Density Pressure ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover  Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna NORTHERN APPALACHIAN / ACADIAN Rugged region of mountains, lowlands and shoreline extending from the Adirondack Mountains to the Quebec Highlands and south to the coast. Heavily forested, variations of red spruce-balsam fir and maple-beech-birch northern hardwood forests dominate. High relief areas contain alpine communities, rocky summits, cliffs, and talus slope. Low-lying areas with extensive peatlands, floodplain forests, and riverside seeps. Coastal islands, rocky shores, intermittent beaches and tidal marshes flank the Atlantic. Size: 82,865,628 acres GAP 1,2 = 7%, GAP 3 = 28% Unsecured = 65% Converted to Protected ratio: 3.1 Natural Cover: 97% # Endemic species: 148 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 11,206 Portfolio Streams: 8921 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 174 / 28% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 6560 / 33% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 3384/ 13% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 1088 / 26% GAP 1,2 Average = 25% =/- 9% Sum = 26% Aquatic Stream miles: 6136 / 11% Terrestrial Protection Average = 25% +/- 9% Housing Density Pressure  ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover    Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna  NORTH ATLANTIC COAST Glaciated irregular plain composed of sandy till and modified by coastal processes in NJ, DE, NY, RI, CT, MA, NH, and ME. Kames, kettle holes, drumlins and reworked terminal moraines are typical features. Entirely below 600 ft., the region boasts extensive marine and estuarine habitats including salt marshes, beach dune and barrier island systems, fresh and brackish tidal marshes. Inland forest types include coastal pine-oak forests, and oak-beech-holly forest. Size: 12,711,982 acres GAP 1,2 = 3%, GAP 3 = 6% Unsecured = 92% Converted to Protected ratio: 9.6 Natural Cover: 75% # Endemic species: 120 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 1,900 Portfolio Stream-miles: 6554 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 11 / 9% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 354 / 19% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 861/ 13% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 674 / 21% GAP 1,2 Average = 16% =/- 6% Sum = 17% Aquatic Stream miles: 6136 / 11% Terrestrial Protection Average = 16% +/- 6% Housing Density Pressure  ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover    Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna  LOWER NEW ENGLAND / NORTHERN PIEDMONT Extensive low-relief plains from ME to PA with scattered hills and low mountains. The till covered lowlands, glacial features such as lake basins, eskers, and drumlin fields are common. Well-drained coarse sandy soils forested with red oak-hemlock-white pine matrix. A variety of fire-related communities such as pitch pine-scrub oak barrens or serpentine barrens are typical. Forested swamps are widespread and, in limestone regions, calcareous seepage swamps, fens and seeps are typical. Size: 23,264,058 acres GAP 1,2 = 3%, GAP 3 = 7% Unsecured = 90% Converted to Protected ratio: 12.6 (V) Natural Cover: 67% # Endemic species: 120 Portfolio Target Occurrences:1993 Portfolio Stream-miles: 7609 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 44 / 9% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 402 / 19% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 921/ 15% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 626 / 15% GAP 1,2 Average = 15% =/- 4% Sum = 16% Aquatic Stream miles: 7609/x% Terrestrial Protection Average = 15% +/- 4% Housing Density Pressure  ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover    Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna  CHESAPEAKE BAY Low coastal and fluvial plains in DE, MD and VA with extensive marine and estuarine habitats. Huge tidal flats and breeding concentrations of horseshoe crabs make it a globally significant stopover site for migrating birds. Mosaics of salt, brackish and fresh tidal marshes, beach dune and barrier islands grade into forest of coastal pine-oak, oak-beech-holly, and red maple-sweetgum swamps. Size: 10,869,386 acres GAP 1,2 = 2%, GAP 3 = 6% Unsecured = 93% Converted to Protected ratio: 15.3 (V) Natural Cover: 71% # Endemic species: 42 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 513 Portfolio Stream-miles: 3934 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 20 / 10% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 63 / 19% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 118/ 25% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 312 / 19% GAP 1,2 Average = 18% =/- 6% Sum = 20% Aquatic Stream miles: 3934/x% Terrestrial Protection Average = 18% +/- 6% Housing Density Pressure  ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover   Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna  HIGH ALLEGHENY PLATEAU Low mountains, high hills, and steep ridges in NY, PA, and NJ. Glaciated sections consist of till soils while unglaciated regions are mostly sandy clays. Heavily wooded with oak-heath, maple-beech-birch and oak-hickory-ash hardwoods dominate. Typical communities include hemlock swamps, leather leaf bogs, and blueberry bogs. Size: 16,839,462 acres GAP 1,2 = 4%, GAP 3 = 17% Unsecured = 80% Converted to Protected ratio: 5.1 Natural Cover: 81% # Endemic species: 46 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 658 Portfolio Stream-miles: 7447 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 26 / 23% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 103 / 36% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 237/ 29% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 292 / 11% GAP 1,2 Average = 25% =/- 11% Sum = 22% Aquatic Stream miles: 7447 Terrestrial Protection Average = 25% +/- 11% Housing Density Pressure  ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover   Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna  WESTERN ALLEGHENY PLATEAU Mature, stream-dissected plateau in NY, PA, OH and WV with high hills, sharp ridges and narrow valleys. The northern section exhibits till soils and glacial features. The unglaciated southern section includes the Teays valley created by a major preglacial river. This region highly agricultural with only 25 - 50 % forest. Oak-heath forests, maple-beech-birch hardwoods and basswood-buckeye mixed mesophytic forest more common in the unglaciated areas. Strip-mining, and grazing accounts for most of the remaining land cover.. Size: 26,673,076 acres GAP 1,2 = 1%, GAP 3 = 4% Unsecured = 95% Converted to Protected ratio: 41.2 Natural Cover: 64% # Endemic species: 23 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 585 Portfolio Stream-miles: 5357 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 15 / 13% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 122 / 42% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 115/ 29% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 333 / 15% GAP 1,2 Average = 25% =/- 14% Sum = 23% Aquatic Stream miles: 7447 Terrestrial Protection Average = 25% +/- 14% Housing Density Pressure  ECOREGION SUMMARIES Ecoregion: Land Cover   Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forest & Non-Forest  Wetland Ecosystems  Species Occurrences: Flora and Fauna  ST LAWRENCE / CHAMPLAIN VALLEY .Extensive glaciated lake plain, lowlands, moraine hills, and till plains in QC, NY and VT including the Erie and Ontario lake plains, and the St. Lawrence and Champlain valley. Once dominated by floodplain and the now remnant clayplain forests, it is largely agricultural interspersed with forests of maple, beech, birch, hemlock and white pine. Fire dependent pine-heath barrens and pitch pine-scrub oak barrens are locally common, as are a variety of lakeshore and limestone-related communities. . Size: 11,736,316 acres GAP 1,2 = 0, GAP 3 = 2% Unsecured = 98% Converted to Protected ratio: 76.4 (V) Natural Cover: 78% # Endemic species: 12 Portfolio Target Occurrences: 467 Portfolio Stream-miles: 2,286 miles Portfolio Protection Status: Qualifying Occurrences Terrestrial Forest Blocks: 17 / 0% w Cores Non-Forest occurrences: 187 / 21% GAP 1,2 Wetland occurrences: 205/ 20% GAP 1,2 Species occurrences: 58 / 9% GAP 1,2 Average = 13% =/- 10% Sum = 18% GAP 1,2 Aquatic Stream miles: 2,286 Terrestrial Protection Average = 13% +/- 10% Housing Density Pressure  UNFINISHED Gradients and Species Pools Major Gradients by Ecoregion    Estimates of Species Pools        Conservation Status of Eastern North America . NOT FOR CIRCULATION (2nd draft Anderson7/06) PAGE  PAGE 15 St Lawrence / Champlain Valley Northern Appalachian / Acadian Ecoregion  EMBED MSPhotoEd.3   EMBED MSPhotoEd.3  Western Allegheny Plateau Ecoregion High Allegheny Plateau Ecoregion Chesapeake Bay Ecoregion Lower New England / Northern Piedmont North Atlantic Coast Central Appalachians 6GMNOPQnr|}῱zl^P?.P hLhL5B* CJ0aJ0ph3 h(hL5B* CJ0aJ0phhL5B* CJ0aJ0ph3h(5B* CJ0aJ0ph3jh(UmHnHu.jhL5B* CJ0UaJ0mHnHph3u h(hn25B*CJ0aJ0phhD5B*CJ0aJ0phhL5B*CJ0aJ0ph h(h>5B*CJ0aJ0ph h(h>5B*CJ8aJ8ph h(hD5B*CJ8aJ8phhD5B* CJaJph36NORopqr ' b | $^a$gd(^gdL $^a$gdD^gd_ !O#V a b ¬ ~p_PD3P hx))hD5B*CJaJphhYU=B*CJaJphhx))hDB*CJaJph hLhL5B* CJ0aJ0ph3hL5B*CJ0aJ0ph h(hL5B*CJ0aJ0ph h(h(5B* CJ0aJ0ph3h(B* CJ$aJ$ph3+jhLB* CJ$UaJ$mHnHph3uh(5B* CJ0aJ0ph3jhLUmHnHu h(hL5B* CJ0aJ0ph hLhL5B*CJ0aJ0ph| <=!^gdS3h^hgdbK^gdbK & Fgd_^gd_ $^a$gdD b c  ĸĸ{ocoWH<hbKB* CJaJph3hfkahbKB*CJaJphhB*CJaJphh;7:B*CJaJphhbKB*CJaJphh hbKB*CJaJph h hbK5B*CJaJphhB*CJaJph h_h_5B*CJaJphh_B*CJaJphh h_B*CJaJph h_h_5B*CJ$aJ$phh_5B* CJaJph3hD5B* CJaJph3 =>GH$):?^f#&/56@AHi|,Ժ||||p|h;7:B*CJaJphhkB*CJaJphhz{bB*CJaJphhUiB*CJaJphhbKB*CJaJphhbK5B*CJaJphh 5B*CJaJphh{B*CJaJphh_B*CJaJphh h_B*CJaJph h h_5B*CJaJph,,:GOW45 !"#-NOuzBCDØÌqehS3B* CJaJph3hfkahS3B*CJaJphh]lB*CJaJphhS3B*CJaJphhbK5B*CJaJphh{B*CJaJph hkhk5B*CJaJphhbKB*CJaJphhUiB*CJaJphh;7:B*CJaJphhkB*CJaJphh5CB*CJaJph#!"CDEFGHIJLMOabo`gdgdUigdgd_h^hgd_h^hgdS3^gdS3DEKLMNOYab*DafgijqrsȿuuuuudddVhUi5B*CJaJph hUih5B* CJaJph3hOhB*CJaJphh5B*CJaJphh5B*CJaJph hKh5B* CJaJph3h5B* CJaJph3h5CJaJh_5CJaJhh_5CJaJh h_CJaJh_CJaJhdh_B*CJaJph*+DWk $&EF]^_gdUi`gdgd_`arsuvCEFj & Fgdz5gdO^gdgdUi !/0:;EFTU`ano{|  "#01?@KL[\jktu~ǹha5B*CJaJphhUi5B*CJaJphhFnhUiB*CJaJphhFnB*CJaJphhFnhFnB*CJaJphF)*,/<=?BTUWZjkmp !hOCJaJhkhOCJaJha5B*CJaJphhO5B*CJaJphR!*,/2=?ABCDEO[jw̯̾pgV hKhz55B* CJaJph3hUi5CJaJhOhaB*CJaJphhEYB*CJaJphh?B*CJaJphh.:B*CJaJphhOB*CJaJphhOhOB*CJaJphhO5B*CJaJphha5B*CJaJphh1hOCJaJhOCJaJhOCJaJhkhOCJaJijb"e"##2%3%K'L'$(:(V(~((((')g)y)z)gd. & Fgdz "^gdm^gdz5hij FfnϷϷϷϷϫϷϚ}qeqhB*CJaJphhLB*CJaJphhmB*CJaJph h{hm5B*CJaJph h{h)5B*CJaJphhBdB*CJaJphh{B*CJaJphhB*CJaJphh)B*CJaJphhbB*CJaJphhz5B*CJaJphhKB*CJaJph j|8 < M Q @!A!l!!!b"ɸɸɸqeeככeכYYYhwxkB*CJaJphhB*CJaJph&jhbhbB*CJUaJph+jhbB*CJUaJmHnHphuhbB*CJaJph jhbB*CJUaJph hbhb5B*CJaJphh5B*CJaJphhB*CJaJphhLB*CJaJph hhL5B*CJaJph"b"e"## $$$$'$;$<$I$K$S$]$n$s$$$$$$ %'%1%2%3%A%M%W%X%Y%%%%%%%%L&U&÷÷÷ë۟{ϓϓ{ooh{B*CJaJphhIB*CJaJphhZ`B*CJaJphh|B*CJaJphhM0B*CJaJphhmB*CJaJphhB*CJaJphh7B*CJaJphh\@B*CJaJphhB*CJaJphhwxkB*CJaJphhbB*CJaJph'U&a&g&m&n&q&r&v&w&&&&&&&&&&&&')'0'5'6'>'G'K'L''''$(%(+(.(9(:(@(۷ϟϟϑrgh&sh7B*ph h'9h'95B* CJaJph3h'95B* CJaJph3h\@5B* CJaJph3hIB*CJaJphh.B*CJaJphhB*CJaJphhUZ*B*CJaJphh\@B*CJaJphh{B*CJaJphh7B*CJaJphhz "B*CJaJph&@(K(S(T([(c(n(p(}(~((((((((((((((((((((((((()),)V)W)g)h)x)y)޽Ȳ齟ȲȲȽȲȓt hVCho$5B* CJaJph3ho$5B* CJaJph3hz "B*CJaJphh&shlB*phh&sB*phh&sh&sB*phh&sh_;B*phh&shm{B*phh&sh7B*phh&sh\@B*phh&shl8mB*phh&sh'9B*ph*y)))///////00#0$0%0X0e01111@1F1Q1]111111111ǼǴǰuuug[ght%ho$5CJaJjho$UmHnHuhho$CJaJhBd5CJaJho$5CJaJho$CJaJ hho$jhho$Uho$hBdhBdCJaJhBdhBdCJaJhBdho$CJaJhBdho$5CJaJho$5B*CJaJphhh.6CJaJh.CJaJ z),+-+++++--//#0%011111111111111u2gdo$ & Fgd.gd.11 2J2K2V2\2e2h2q2s2u2v2}222222333'3(3*343536373N3O3P3ļئؼ혇|phpV"jh_CJUaJmHnHuh_CJaJjh_CJUaJhRRh_CJaJ hzJh_5B* CJaJph3h_5B* CJaJph3jho$UmHnHuhZCJaJh.CJaJhR/h.CJaJh.5CJaJho$5CJaJht%ho$5CJaJho$CJaJhR/ho$CJaJu2v2w2x2y2z2{2|2}2~23333333 3!3"3#3$3%3&3'3*363S3gd_ & Fgd_gd.gdo$P3Q3R3S3e3m3w333333333333333333444%4=444444444444F5J5555ц}rrrrrrrrrrrцhXh_CJaJh5CJaJh_5CJaJh9wh9w6CJaJh9w6CJaJhS$6CJaJh9wh6CJaJhCJaJh.CJaJh>CJaJh_CJaJhh_CJaJjh_CJUaJj4hRRh_CJUaJ,S33356`7799:;;x==??AACDtDuDDEE:E^gd_h^hgd_gd_ & Fgd_gd_56 6616266666666 7 7 7 7^7`7u7z7~777788J8S8U8e8f888888888889'9B9C9\9b99999999999999::::$;/;廳廩h_CJOJQJh(*CJaJhTh_CJaJh\^h_5CJaJh>CJaJhXh_CJaJh_CJaJh_5CJaJh5CJaJB/;9;;;;;;;;;M<<<<<==-=3=6=w=x====== >&>N>>>>>>>>?????????? @'@@@@@AAAAAAuBBBBBBCC?CDCCCCChz55B* CJaJph3h:h_5CJaJhXh_5CJaJh5CJaJh_5CJaJh_CJaJhXh_CJaJGCCCDDDDDDD*D,DHDSDsDtDuDDDE#E.E8E9E:EMEfEhEtEEEEKFcFFFFFFFFGG Gɺۧۧ۟۟ۊۂۂۊۊ۟ynۧۧnh\^h_CJaJh_5CJaJhw CJaJh\^h_5CJaJhw 5CJaJhe*CJaJh(*CJaJhh_CJaJjhvXWh_CJUaJ"jh_CJUaJmHnHuh_CJaJjh_CJUaJ hzJh_5B* CJaJph3+:EME`EEEEEEEEEF+F7FIFKFcFpFFFFFG0G`GaGgd_^gd_ & Fgd_ hh^h`hgd_ GGGG/G`GaGkGvGGHHKKKLLLXMfMMMMMMMN OOOO"O#O$O7OOOܹܹ奛}rgjT hz5h2UhT hT B*phhz55B*phh25B*phh25B* ph3hz55B* ph3h hw CJaJhe*CJaJh*D#h_5CJaJhh_CJaJh Idh_5CJaJh_5CJaJh_CJaJh\^h_CJaJh(*CJaJ$aGGGyIzI,K-KKKK LLLMMNN O OOO#O$O7OOOOOgdz5 & Fgdz5gd 'gd_OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO PPPP'P1PKPLP{Pºzpg[g[gJ h2h2CJOJQJ^JaJh Idh25CJaJh25CJaJh25B* ph3&jh25B* UmHnHph3uh2hT h?uhZ hrhZjhUmHnHu hZhT hZB*phhBdB*phhT hT B*phhe*5B*phhK5B*phhz55B*phhz5hz55B*phOOOOOOOOOOOOOO PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPgd2gdz5PPLPSS V#VX,XfXYYYYZZZZ^Z_Z`ZaZZ^^n`gd ' & F gdr  & Fgd2gdgd2gd2{PPPPPPPPPPPQ9Q:QAQBQJQQQR&RvRRR~SSS TTTTTTTUUU)UUᥳӂӳpbbbbhVPVcVpVVVVW W WWEWOWX XXX,X7XHXfXyXŷťťťr`Qrh 5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hh_?_@_A_M_\_q_u_______@`H`m`n````aaaa aźzh^CJaJh 'CJaJh('CJaJhl7CJaJh\CJaJhCJaJh?$6CJaJh 4CJaJh\h\CJaJh\hK5CJaJh\hxO&5CJaJh\h J5CJaJh\hoT5CJaJh\hKCJaJ0n`o`aaa*c,cDcEcdcfccccccccccee_g`ghhgd4eh^hgd4e & Fgd4e$a$gdgd a aaaaaa%b(b)b*b1b2b:b;b)c*c+c,cCcDcEcTcccdcecfc}cccujbYPYhoum5CJaJh4e5CJaJh4eCJaJj< hO!h4eUhoum5B*CJaJph hh4e5B*CJaJphhO!h4eB*ph hzJh4e5B*CJaJph hzJh4e5B* CJaJph3hH$h4eCJaJhCJaJh^CJaJhh5CJaJhCJaJh('CJaJhl7CJaJccccccccccccccccccddd d!d3dKdYd^dvdddddde e3e=e]e`eոᙤyyyqyqiqaaqhCJaJh^CJaJh CJaJh[Jh4eCJaJh Idh4e5CJaJhzJ5CJaJh8`Eh4eCJaJh4e5CJaJhoumh4eCJaJj`houmhoumUhW5CJaJhoum5CJaJhZh4e5CJaJh4eCJaJhh4eCJaJjhZh4eU&`eseteeeef_fgfpfvffffffgg*g+gDg\g^g`gzggg]h_hzhhhhhhhiiikiiiiiiiiiiiiiij"j;jPjXjɜɑɑёёh>(h4eCJaJh^CJaJh4e5CJaJhH$h4e5CJaJhvXWCJaJh~CJaJhoCJaJhWCJaJh*D#h4e5CJaJh[Jh4eCJaJh CJaJh4eCJaJ9hiiJkKkLkMkNkOkPkQkRkSkUkVkhkikkkkkkIlJl(h4eCJaJkIlJl;mm?m@mAmBmCmDmEmFmtmppJtLtbtctettttttttttt & F h0`0gdr,p-pBpDpYppppppppppppppppqqq1q4q5q6q7qBqMqqqqqqqqqqqqqrߩߩߞߞuממhDh@;CJaJh@;CJaJhDhsoCJaJhDh CJaJhDh=CJaJhDh]CJaJhDh {5CJaJhDh 5CJaJhDhnCJaJhnCJaJhDh {CJaJhDh&xTCJaJhDh CJaJ*rr6s7sssss t tItKtLtatbtctdtetfttttttvjXGv>h Id5CJaJ j9h Idh Id5CJUaJ#jDH h Idh Id5CJUaJh Idh Id5CJaJ jh Idh Id5CJUaJh$D-jh2h Idh IdUh$D-5CJaJ hPh$D-5B* CJaJph3hMN%5B* CJaJph3hDX5CJaJh:!CJaJhDhCJaJhnCJaJhDh CJaJhDhsoCJaJhvbCJaJtttttttttttttCuDuLuYuauhuuuuuu5v7vvv%w3wwwww&x5x}}uuumah0oh0o5CJaJh0oCJaJhW-CJaJhPCJaJhSCJaJhoCJaJh^CJaJh IdCJaJh Idh Id5CJaJh IdCJaJhICJaJh Id5CJaJh.&h Id5CJaJjh.&hUh IdhP5CJaJh5CJaJhP5CJaJ#ttttttttttttttww)y,y-yzz{|Z|[|w|y|z|{|gd0ogd5x7x8xBxxxxxxxxxxxxx(y)y-yDyEy`yayryzyyyyyyyzz"z-z/z>zLzizqzxzzzzzzz¶Ž†††~ŽŽ†vŽhOCJaJh^CJaJh 4CJaJh !CJaJh !5CJaJh !h !CJaJhtRhW-5CJaJhtRhtR5CJaJhtRCJaJhPCJaJhW-CJaJh0oh0o5CJaJhvbCJaJh0oCJaJh0o5CJaJ.zzz({G{{{{|Z|[|\|]|`|b|u|w|x|y|z|||||||~辰~rf]UQE]EUh Idh0o5CJaJh0oh0oCJaJh0o5CJaJh*)h0o5CJaJh*yh0o5CJaJ%jh0o5CJUaJmHnHu hPh0o5B* CJaJph3h:!5B* CJaJph3h0o5B* CJaJph3 hPhI5B* CJaJph3hCJaJhCJaJh5CJaJhICJaJh !CJaJhtRCJaJ{|||}|~||||||||||||||||||||||||~~)gd0o~~'kɀʀˀπ܀߁ !38S+,-0234H몙}o^ hPh_k5B* CJaJph3h5B* CJaJph3h:!5B* CJaJph3h.&5B* CJaJph3 hPhI5B* CJaJph3h0o5B* CJaJph3hnCJaJh;h0oCJaJh0o5CJaJh;h0o5CJaJh qh0oCJaJh0oCJaJh qh0o5CJaJ")*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFgd0oFGH +-HJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\gdM@gdI & F h0`0gd_kgd0oHIJc*kuÅƅՅ frֆۆ߆&9IQsχЇӇԇ$whMN%CJaJh0oCJaJh_k5CJaJhMkCJaJhvbCJaJhJCJaJhCJaJhFCJaJhM@CJaJhtRhM@5CJaJh !CJaJh0o5CJaJhM@5CJaJh|hI5CJaJjh|UmHnHu.\]^_`abcЇч҇ӇԇՇևׇ؇هڇۇ܇݇އ߇gdM@*+lmopqrh^hgdS* & FgdS*gdIgd0ogdM@$*ÉCĊ()+klmnoz‹ċ͋Ӌ(θ~pi~dpi~VE h1 hS*6B*CJaJphhS*6B*CJaJph hS*5 hS*hS*jhS*UmHnHuhS*hnhS*5B*phhS*5B*ph hPhS*5B* CJaJph3hS*5B* CJaJph3h*)5B* CJaJph3hM@CJaJhM@5CJaJh_k5CJaJh_kCJaJhvbCJaJhMN%CJaJhJCJaJrstuvwxyz{‹ËċŋƋNjȋɋʋˋ̋͋\]^_`ah^hgdS*(-\]df'(RTrsޑߑĶyyyyjy^OAjhBUmHnHuh !hBB* CJ$aJ$ph3hbKB*CJaJphh<)dhS*B*CJaJphhS*B*CJaJphh *hS*B*CJaJph h *hS*5B* CJaJph3 h *hS*5B*CJaJphhS*5B*CJaJphhS*5B* CJaJph3hy?\hS*B* CJaJph3 h1 hS*6B*CJaJphhS*6B*CJaJphabcdefIJ-LZn6Mcdݑޑ ^`gdS* & F 8^gdS* & FgdS*gdS*h^hgdS*ޑߑ HJKLMNOgdB & FgdBh^hgdS* HIKYĒ"$cy˜Ø˘Әƽtfhvb5B* CJaJph3hbK5B* CJaJph3jhvbUmHnHuhbKhw5B*phh"hhB5CJaJh*D#hB5CJaJhw CJaJhB5CJaJh IdhB5CJaJh !hBCJaJjhBUmHnHu hB5h !hB5hBCJaJ"OPQRSTUVWXYŒ%bcgdBc34˜Ԙ՘֘טؘ٘ژۘܘݘޘߘgdd & FgdbKh^hgdBgdBӘԘ՘͙֘ϙЙљޙߙ456APQoN"\]ηஷyyqyh(wCJaJh^CJaJh Idhd5CJaJhhdCJaJjhhk 5Uhd5CJaJhk 5CJaJhhd5CJaJhvbhvbCJaJhvb5CJaJhbK5CJaJhdCJaJhYhdCJaJhvIhbK5B*ph+ϙљҙәԙՙ֙יؙٙڙۙܙݙޙߙ4689:;<=>?@gdd@Ap!"ğş?AB01gdy & Fgdygdk gdd̝ѝmnw~5?Z| "*46=>?@Aʿ뱣vkZ h|hy5B* CJaJph3jSh|h|U hThy5B*CJaJphh~`5B* CJaJph3hM5B* CJaJph3hy5B* CJaJph3h]5B* CJaJph3h8`Ehk CJaJhk CJaJhk 5CJaJh^CJaJhCJaJhdCJaJh*D#hd5CJaJ#ABMuŢ͢ТԢ٢`hiszyz ahץڥߥ ʾʾҳҨʌҨhyCJaJh$CJaJh+hy5CJaJh+hyCJaJhhyCJaJh&h&5CJaJh&CJaJh %FCJaJhCJaJhhCJaJh5CJaJhy5CJaJ7 -/01N $,ͨ 0mpĪ*,E@FZ]tz,ӭh+h %FCJaJh$CJaJh %FCJaJh]CJaJh+hy5CJaJh+hyCJaJh&CJaJhyCJaJH+,mn)*hi & FgdygdyӭԭCG_lnǯȯϯݯ()*/02[\ghiņ~~vg_hyCJaJhhB* CJaJph3hCJaJhCJaJhMhM5CJaJh$CJaJh$h&5CJaJhMCJaJh+hy5CJaJhThyCJaJhTCJaJh %Fhy5CJaJh %Fh %F5CJaJh&CJaJh+hyCJaJh %FCJaJ%ɰ +,.=BFGNSXabdglrs±xxpdpx\xxpdpxxQhyhyCJaJhyCJaJh$h$5CJaJh$CJaJh3 VCJaJhyhyCJaJh5CJaJhM5CJaJhy5CJaJhThyCJaJ hnphy5B*CJaJph h|hy5B* CJaJph3jh|UmHnHu hThy5B*CJaJphhy5B* CJaJph3stʴ˴NOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\gdyst"òIJڲ!FGHPQk{³̳|ƴɴʴ˴Z[͵εѵ;>MNObܼԴܴܴܴܴԴܴܴĬܴܴܤܤܴܼܛhy5CJaJhCJaJhACJaJh=SCJaJhyCJaJh$CJaJhHPCJaJh3 VCJaJh+hyCJaJh+hy5CJaJh+h=S5CJaJ:\]^_`abնֶPQ׻ۻgdAgdREgd_L^ & F hh^hgdREgdybƶӶԶֶضٶ+68IJ&-ABDOQi-./ȺӺ;<FJqr~̸̸̸×ÏhyCJaJh5CJaJhHPCJaJh3 VCJaJhCJaJh+hyCJaJhy5CJaJhYohy5CJaJhA5CJaJhYohA5CJaJhACJaJh+hACJaJ8ֻ׻ۻNOPQ[\jļżŴtkbkbVKE hAaJhAhACJaJhAhA5CJaJhqg5CJaJh5CJaJjhqgUmHnHu hqg5jt(hREhU h5hAhRE5j hAhAU hA5 h_L^5 hzJhW-5B* CJaJph3 hzJhRE5B* CJaJph3hyhThyCJaJhACJaJh+hyCJaJh3 VCJaJNPQRSTUVWXYZ[\Ǽȼɼmn,-gdAgdREgdqgżƼǼȼɼؼټHIǽȽ!245=IZ[klnξܾ!(Hi~׿׿׷ϫ׷ǷǷǷǏǗhCJaJhCJaJhPCJaJhswCJaJh_L^h_L^5CJaJhOhI6CJaJh_L^CJaJhCJaJhfCJaJhICJaJhACJaJhA5CJaJh IdhA5CJaJ hAaJ haJ223<^  !#)/0H[wļĴ褘ĤĤĬĤ||h}CJaJhaCJaJhhg5CJaJh hO5CJaJhICJaJhswCJaJhPCJaJhhCJaJhOCJaJh^CJaJhh_L^5CJaJhICJaJhfCJaJhgCJaJh_L^CJaJ0%3EFGX\bmsy}/19GNZ^in{+,-/8@IMX[duȸȨਸhCJaJhXCJaJh{CJaJhfCJaJhPCJaJhICJaJhOCJaJhCJaJhCJaJh}CJaJhCJaJB !#-/=>?KL[ao{ !"BCDE谟yqih&{CJaJh``hhM45j6Ch``hhM4U hhM45hhM45B* ph3hzJhhM45CJaJ hzJhhM45B* CJaJph3h}CJaJh&sCJaJhCJaJh CJaJh^CJaJhPCJaJhXCJaJh{CJaJhCJaJhCJaJ(!"BDEt*=Shx & F  gdhM4 & F  gd m & FgdhM4gd&{gd mgdhM4 & F hh^hgdhM4gdAEJXrst&'89OPdest#M]l¹¹ٮ¹¹¹¹¹¹¹ٮyqyh~CJaJhhM4CJaJh IdhhM45CJaJhPJz5CJaJh4/h&{5CJaJh4/h m5CJaJh mh&{CJaJhhM45CJaJh4/hhM45CJaJh&{h&{CJaJh&{CJaJh m5CJaJh&d"5CJaJh&{h m5CJaJ*'8Hdu$opgdPJzgdhM4  gdhM4 & F  gd&{gd&{l uz{opv !78LMcdfgvwĸ|h mhPJzCJaJh4/hPJz5CJaJh&{hPJzCJaJhPJzCJaJhPJz5CJaJh&d"5CJaJh&{hPJz5CJaJhhM4CJaJhQCJaJh_L^hhM45CJaJh,CJaJhhM4CJaJh CJaJh&d"CJaJ0$;Pgz%:Negd&{gdhM4  gdPJz & F  gdPJz & F  gdPJzgdPJz & FgdPJz#$%cde#$WX͹~tojojo hQ5 h;35h;35B* ph3h;35B* CJaJph3h;3CJaJh&{CJaJ h&{aJhAh&{CJaJhAh&{5CJaJhPJzCJaJh mhPJz6CJaJhPJz6CJaJh hPJz5CJaJhPJzCJaJh4/hPJz5CJaJhPJz5CJaJ%$%Cp?ABCDEFGHIJyX & Fgd;3 & F hh^hgd;3gd;3>?@AIJYZx)·xlld\d\dTHdh&d"h&d"5CJaJh&d"CJaJhQCJaJh;3CJaJh Idh;35CJaJhjf5CJaJh;35CJaJhGlh;35CJaJjhGlUmHnHuhhl h;3aJh;3 h;3aJhAh;3CJaJhAh;35CJaJjjhGlhGlUhGlh;35j[hGlhGlUh3}h;35jQh3}h;3U #)?@EIXgmnors ,-014f{|~ɵɬɣɣɛhQCJaJhjf5CJaJh;35CJaJhjfCJaJhZh;35CJaJh;3CJaJh&d"CJaJh{ h;3CJaJh&d"5CJaJhPJz5CJaJhQ5CJaJ= t & F hh^hgdygdygd;3 & Fgd;3'-1EP_`|&_abdzdz|tijȋhhyUhkZh\.5 hkZh\.j~hkZhyU hy5hy5B* ph3hy5B* CJaJph3hyCJaJhPJzCJaJh&d"hPJz5CJaJhv h;3CJaJh&d"CJaJhQCJaJh;3CJaJh;35CJaJh_L^h;35CJaJ( rtu,-oyzri``UrUUUih{ hyCJaJhPJz5CJaJhQ5CJaJh\.CJaJh\.h\.5CJaJhPJzCJaJhyCJaJhy5CJaJh Idhy5CJaJh\.5CJaJhhl hyaJhyjhzUmHnHu hyaJhAhyCJaJhAhy5CJaJj3hhyUhhy5!no:`a wygd;3gd\. & Fgdygdy:@ABEFISV\s $%&()*4?N_awxGU NOSٿѿٷ٫٠ٔٔ٠h\.hy5CJaJhv hyCJaJh_L^hy5CJaJhQCJaJhQ5CJaJhy5CJaJh\.CJaJhyCJaJhPJz5CJaJh\.5CJaJhZhy5CJaJ7 uwδwocXR h;3aJhAh;3CJaJhAh;35CJaJh h;35jh h;3UhO<h;35jhO<h;3UjhUh;3U hPJz5 h;35h;35B* ph3hzJh;35CJaJh;35B* CJaJph3 hzJh;35B* CJaJph3h\.CJaJh\.5CJaJhyCJaJhPJzCJaJwxylv678?@CEHvǾǶӾӶzӾӶӾӶhZh;35CJaJhpCJaJh{ h;3CJaJhQ5CJaJh\.h\.5CJaJh\.CJaJh;3CJaJh;35CJaJh Idh;35CJaJh\.5CJaJhhl h;3aJh;3hh;3aJjhUmHnHu0kl8JK<Plnpqrsgdy & Fgdygdp & Fgd;3gd;3)8IKabz 46FHUWgisx:;<塕啡hyCJaJhBh;35CJaJhv h;3CJaJhPJzCJaJh_L^h;35CJaJhQCJaJhZh;35CJaJhQ5CJaJhpCJaJh;3CJaJhp5CJaJh;35CJaJ2<Plmnopqrz 򯩢|rkd\QF\h]hyCJaJjh]h]UhyCJaJ hy5aJ h]5aJh*:hF'5aJjh(]UmHnHu hF'5aJ h*:5aJh/hy5aJ h(]5aJ hyaJ hPhy5B* CJaJph3 hVChy5B* CJaJph3 h/hy5B*CJaJphjh/hyU hy5hy5B* CJaJph3stuvwxyz