ࡱ> '` 2bjbj 0F) 8$$H$Qx({" PPPPPPP$Rh/UP{{PPPPNTKPPl \?L0xPP0Q,M$UvU`PPUPP(PPg"Q$ Marine Spatial Planning-Order in the Oceans Balancing Ocean Uses Todays oceans face an era of unprecedented activity. Wind farms and other energy facilities, diverse recreational uses, offshore drilling, shipping superhighways, commercial fishing, and aquaculture facilities are competing for what once seemed like limitless space. However, our oceans are limited and in order to maximize the benefits our oceans provide, both ecologically and economically, we urgently need a process to rationally guide the multiple management objectives for the oceans.1,2 By providing for diverse uses while maintaining and protecting biodiversity, resilience, and the ecosystem services people depend on, we can achieve the goal of sustainable use. MSP: A Tool to Help Achieve Ecosystem-based Ocean Management Both the Pew Ocean Commission and the US Commission on Ocean Policy called for more integrated management through ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine systems.3,4 The goal of ecosystem-based management is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and resilient condition so that it can provide the services humans want and need. Ecosystem-based management differs from current approaches that usually focus on a single species, sector, activity or concern; it considers cumulative impacts.5 Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is an important tool to achieve EBM. As a tool, MSP is a process that focuses on the spatially explicit nature of many ocean activities and resources. It can be used to inform management decisions by evaluating tradeoffs between different spatial management scenarios based on how they meet specified objectives such as providing access for recreation, conserving biodiversity, and encouraging renewable energy development. Secretary Salazar, in speaking to the public at the Regional outer continental shelf (OCS) hearing in New Orleans on April 8th, 2009, as quoted by the Associated Press, "We will find the right balance." He added: "I would think that most people in America would want us to address the economic security, the national security and the environmental security issues that confront our country."6 MSP is a process that can achieve this balance. Since the release of the Pew and US Ocean Commissions reports a number of important steps have been taken towards enabling/implementing MSP. Regional ocean governance structures have emerged, several states have piloted MSP efforts in state waters, and most recently federal agencies have expressed a willingness to engage in MSP.7 However, clear authority, guiding principles, and funding are needed in order for MSP be done on a national level with federal standards. This paper identifies the goals that MSP can advance; describes the key principles that MSP should follow in order to be effective; and outlines a process through which MSP can be operationalized. MSP Can Advance Multiple Goals for the Oceans MSP is one tool to achieve more integrated management of marine spaces and activities. Specifically, MSP can be employed to advance the following goals: Conserve, protect, maintain and restore coastal, marine and Great Lakes ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition; and conserve biodiversity and ecosystem function including protecting important, special, sensitive or unique habitats for current and future generations. Foster sustainable development tor re realize economic opportunities and develop additional energy resources without significant detriment to the ecosystem; and sustain the long-term economic value of the oceans including that derived from ecosystem services that fulfill the educational, social, cultural, nutritional, recreational, and other requirements of current and future generations. Under current management processes that consider single sectors or single objectives, these goals are often seen as competing. However, using MSP various management scenarios can be identified and evaluated, and spatial tradeoffs can be made in order to advance these goals simultaneously.8 Key Principles for MSP In order for MSP to be effective in achieving the above goals it needs to adhere to certain broad principles. First, MSP should be ecosystem-based to the maximum extent possible while recognizing geopolitical boundaries. This means taking an integrated approach to management that considers the entire ecosystem, including humans. MSP should strive to be comprehensive although initially it may be multi-objective and may need to take a phased approach in order to prioritize the most imperative needs. In addition, MSP needs to be spatially explicit; analyzing and potentially allocating three-dimensional marine spaces for specific management objectives. This analysis should be used to identify preferred locations and, where appropriate, time frames for multiple activities, uses, facilities and conservation purposes. In doing so it should seek to minimize use-use and use-environment conflicts, maximize co-location of compatible uses, and protect, maintain and restore ecosystem function and resilience. An important aspect of MSP is that it consider and address cumulative impacts of relevant policies and multiple current and future human activities that affect the ecosystem (including location, timing and intensity); and that it evaluate and address ecosystem changes including but not limited to climate change. In order to adhere to these principles MSP will need to be data-driven and science-based. This means that management decisions are based on the best available information and expertise, and monitoring programs are established and sustained for environmental and socio-economic variables. Initial plans should be based on and monitoring programs should include thorough baseline assessments. At the outset of the planning process, gaps in existing data should be identified and prioritized for funding. (The Minerals Management Service has recently published a survey of available data on OCS resources and identification of data gaps that illustrates the incomplete nature of information about ocean renewable energy resources and ecological resources.9) Where data is lacking a precautionary approach should be followed consistent with the goal of protecting and maintaining ecosystem function. Implementing MSP in Federal Waters Once the above framework is established, there will still be a number of outstanding issues that will need to be resolved before MSP can be initiated throughout US waters. Regions will need to be identified, and additional guidance developed for how the data should be assembled and how the plans should be drafted. Some of the best thinking on these details will come from the agencies themselves. We recommend that the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), in consultation with the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), be charged with developing this additional guidance, including establishing planning standards; and that they be provided with adequate funds to do so. This should be done within a specified time frame, in conjunction with the relevant agencies and with input from stakeholders. We recognize that permit applications for a variety of activities will be considered while CEQ and OSTP are engaged in this effort and while plans are developed, and therefore recommend that they be completed as soon as is practicable. Operationalizing MSP in Federal Waters The collaborative aspect of MSP that coordinates management across government agencies and with other planning efforts is fundamental. Planning should be done on a regional basis and be interagency. There should be a role for federal agencies with ocean-related missions including a leading role for the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and input from relevant states. The planning process should be participatory, and provide opportunities for public review and input from stakeholders and the general public. It should also be transparent, with decisions and recommendations made openly and information and results shared broadly. Plans should be measurable and set specific objectives that allow for performance evaluation of both the management process and the plan itself. Once plans are developed, agencies should adhere to such plans to the maximum extent practicable. Evaluation of plans should be done periodically and should be based on monitoring data, new information and emerging uses. Plans need to be adaptive, yet be developed with a sufficiently long time frame to provide adequate certainty for user groups. Adequate funds need to be dedicated to the planning process for it to be successful. Operationalizing MSP in State Waters Several states are already beginning to participate in MSP processes within state waters. The federal government has an opportunity to provide incentives for additional state-based MSP efforts. States that are willing to adhere to federal planning standards and guidelines should be eligible for planning grants through NOAA. In addition, states should be encouraged to conduct planning on a regional basis through multi-state agreements or compacts. These agreements or compacts should be authorized and be eligible for grant funding as well. References M. Turnipseed et al., Science 324, 183 (2009). C.V. Kappel et al., Issues in Science and Technology, Spring 2009. Pew Ocean Commission, Americas Living Oceans: Charting a Course for a Sea Change: A Report to the Nation (Pew Ocean Commission, Arlington, VA, 2003). 4. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century: Final Report (U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, Washington, DC, 2004). K.L. McLeod et al., Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Ecosystem-Based Management (Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea, 2005). Cain Burdeau, Associated Press, April 8th, 2009 "Renewable Energy and Alternate Uses of Existing Facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf; Final Rule." Federal Register 74 (29 April 2009): 19638-19686. Print. 8. C. Ehler and F. Douvere, Visions for a Sea Change: Report of the First International Workshop on Marine Spatial Planning [Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and Man and the Biosphere Programme, IOC Manual and Guides 46: ICAM Dossier 3. Paris: UNESCO, 2007] (available at  HYPERLINK "http://www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be/" http://www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be/ Spring 2009 9. United States Department of the Interior (DOI) Minerals Management Service (MMS) and United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2009. Survey of Available Data on OCS Resources and Identification of Data Gaps. 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Wind farms and other energy facilities, 9.-)-$.)().$)()).)(...-)().)-).))--W..(F$)...-)).).-))($ T4fUU@@QQLdiverse recreational uses, offshore drilling, shipping superhighways, commercial .-)$))(()..(.#)$-$.-)-.-$.-..-$-.)--.B)-$).GF)))TYfUU@@Q Lhfishing, and $-.-).. ThhUU@@^Laquaculture facilities are competing for what once seemed like limitless space. However, our )..))-.(())$()(-F.).-.B.(..()$((F).-)F)$$$.)()A.B)-).. 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UU@@ LP-TD/ OUU@@/ )Lbased management (EBM) of marine systems..)$).F).)-*F).8=Q-F).)$-$)F$% T`BUU@@wLT3,4% TlOUU@@LX The 9.) T UU@@ Lpgoal of ecosystem-.).().$-$)FTT UU@@ LP-T] UU@@ Llbased management.)$).G).)-)F).T^ UU@@^ :L is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and $.F).(.(.)).$-$)F.).)(.-....)-)).. T\"  UU@@t XLresilient condition so that it can provide the services humans want and need. Ecosystem)#)-).-..-$..()).-.-.).)#)-()$.-F).$B).)..-)).7).#-$)GTT"  UU@@t LP-Tp"  UU@@t LXbased .)$). Tp  UU@@ [Lmanagement differs from current approaches that usually focus on a single species, sector, F).)-*F)..)#.F).(.)..-))-)$.).$-(-.)-$..)$.-)$-))($$)(- % T {[ UU@@F Ldactivity or ))--.TD| k [ UU@@|F )Lconcern; it considers cumulative impacts.)-.)(.)..#.)$).F.)-)F.))$% TTl ) UU@@l  LP5% T, [ UU@@ F %L Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is an R).)2.)(3).-.-R33$)- T^  UU@@ Limportant tool to achieve EBM. F..)-.-.().)-)8=RTT^  UU@@ LP ( TT . UU@@ LP ) T1  UU@@ cLAs a tool, MSP is a process that focuses on the spatially explicit nature of many ocean activities B$).-R33$)-.)($#.(-).$($...)$.()-)..(.).).F).-.))).()-)$ T\ m  UU@@ -Land resources. It can be used to inform mana)..)$.-)($))..)-#)....FF).)Ttn  UU@@n 1Lgement decisions by evaluating tradeoffs between -*F)..))#.-$.-)-).).-).(.#.(B)). Tp 9j UU@@U [Ldifferent spatial management scenarios based on how they meet specified objectives such as .)).$.()F).)-)F*.$().(-$.($)..-..B.)-F))$.())..-)(,)$$-).)$ Tpm , UU@@ [Lproviding access for recreation, conserving biodiversity, and encouraging renewable energy ..-..-)())$#-))))..)-.$(-.-...-)$-)..).).-)-.-).)B(.)(.)-- TT = UU@@( LPd&" WMFC m.T = UU@@( L`evelopment)-)..F).TX = UU@@( LP. TT = UU@@( LP ( TT@  UU@@ LP ) T ^UU@@ L`Secretary 3))((-Td_ UU@@_ YLSalazar, in speaking to the public at the Regional outer continental shelf (OCS) hearing 3))().#.))-.-..)-..)).)=)-..)-.()-..)-($-)B=3.)(.-!"  TsyUU@@d^Lin New Orleans on April 8th, 2009, as quoted by the Associated Press, "We will find the right .B)BB))-$..B-......($..-)..-.)A$$.()).2)$#%W)B...)-.!"  T| UU@@ILbalance." He added: "I would think that most people in America would want.))-))&B)(..)-&B...-.-.(F.$.)-.(-BF)))B...A).T |rUU@@ Lt us to address the .$.)..($$.)!"  TLUU@@7aLeconomic security, the national security and the environmental security issues that confront our ))...F)$().--).(..)$))--)...)).--.F).)$().-$$.($-))...-..!"  % TOBUU@@ L`country.")...-&% TTCB_UU@@CwLP6% Tl`O1 UU@@`0L MSP is a process that can achieve this balance.R33$).-))##.())-))-)-)-$.))-))TT2 OY UU@@2 LP (!"  TTUU@@ LP ) T,!UU@@sPLSince the release of the Pew and US Ocean Commissions reports a number of impor3.)).)()($)-.)3(B)..B3B))).=.FF$$..$).-$)..F.)-F..T !UU@@ s Ldtant steps ).$).$ T\aUU@@XLhave been taken towards enabling/implementing MSP. Regional ocean governance structures .)-).)).)-)..B(.$)-)..-F.)F)..-R33=)-..)-))).-.-).)-)($.).($ T[UU@@FaLhave emerged, several states have piloted MSP efforts in state waters, and most recently federal .)-))F)-).$)-))#(($.)-)..).R32).$.#))B))$)..F.$()).-).(( % T^! UU@@7Lagencies have expressed a willingness to engage in MSP.)-).))#.)-)).-)#$).(B.-.)$$.).-)-).Q33% TX" QM UU@@" LP7 % T`N ^ UU@@N LTHowB.BT ^;UU@@ Lever, clear authority, guiding )-)))))-..--...- T|<.UU@@]Lprinciples, and funding are needed in order for MSP be done on a national level with federal .-)-)#)....-.-)).)).)-.-.(.R33.(...)..).(-.))-)A.).() T0_UU@@ L`standards.$).-)-$TT`0UU@@`LP ( TTUU@@LP ) Tt4jUU@@U\L& WMFC mThis paper identifies the goals that MSP can advance; describes the key principles that MSP 9-$-).(-).)#-)-.)$.(R33)).).-).)(.)$(-)$.)-)-..(-)#.(R33 TmUU@@Lshould follow in order to be$....-.B.-.(-.(TmUU@@<L effective; and outlines a process through which MSP can be )))-)(...-.($)-.))$#-..-.B.).R33))..) T:=UU@@(Lloperationalized...)(..(().TT;b=UU@@;(LP ( Rp@Times New Romanpb@bx n (04 l l ?%0 [ T0 Gz Times ew Roman8/b1$ "0 L^0 dv% % 666666666666666666666666666666666666 6 66 6  6 66 6  6 66 6  6 66 6  6 66 6 66666666666666666666  ~.@Times New Roman- .2 ]~Marine Spatial Planning  2 ]b~-(2 ]f~Order in the Oceansn   2 ]~ )2 k~Balancing Ocean Uses   2 k~  2 ye~ @Times New Roman-2 e_~Todays oceans face an era of unprecedented activity. Wind farms and other energy facilities,   2 eQ~diverse recreational uses, offshore drilling, shipping superhighways, commercial  2  ~fishing, and 2 e^~aquaculture facilities are competing for what once seemed like limitless space. However, our       2 e_~oceans are limited and in order to maximize the benefits our oceans provide, both ecologically    \2 e6~and economically, we urgently need a process to ration @2 w#~ally guide the multiple management n   @Times New Roman---22 e~objectives for the oceans.-2 ~1,2-k2 @~ By providing for diverse uses while maintaining and protecting   2 eb~biodiversity, resilience, and the ecosystem services people depend on, we can achieve the goal of   #2 e~sustainable use. 2 ~  2 e~ -2 e ~MSP: A Tool  12 ~to Help Achieve Ecosystem   2 =~-,2 B~based Ocean Management    2 ~ -2 eT~Both the Pew Ocean Commission and the US Commission on Ocean Policy called for more         -F2 +e'~integrated management through ecosystem   2 +:~-I2 +>)~based management (EBM) of marine systems.     -2 &$~3,4-2 +.~ The %2 :e~goal of ecosysteme 2 :~-#2 :~based management  b2 :":~ is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and   2 HeX~resilient condition so that it can provide the services humans want and need. Ecosystem   2 H~-2 H~based 2 Ve[~management differs from current approaches that usually focus on a single species, sector, l   -2 de ~activity or I2 d)~concern; it considers cumulative impacts.  - 2 _i~5-C2 dm%~ Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is an e  :2 se~important tool to achieve EBM.    2 s~  2 e~ 2 ec~As a tool, MSP is a process that focuses on the spatially explicit nature of many ocean activities   O2 e-~and resources. It can be used to inform mana  U2 G1~gement decisions by evaluating tradeoffs between   2 e[~different spatial management scenarios based on how they meet specified objectives such as l    2 e[~providing access for recreation, conserving biodiversity, and encouraging renewable energy l  2 e~d2 l ~evelopment 2 ~.  2 ~  2 e~ 2 e ~Secretary 2 Y~Salazar, in speaking to the public at the Regional outer continental shelf (OCS) hearing y ,~'2 e^~in New Orleans on April 8th, 2009, as quoted by the Associated Press, "We will find the right       ,~'y2 eI~balance." He added: "I would think that most people in America would wantf      (2 ~ us to address the ,~'2 ea~economic security, the national security and the environmental security issues that confront our s  ,~'-2 e ~country." - 2 ~6-S2 0~ MSP is a process that can achieve this balance.  2 ~ ,~' 2 ,e~ 2 ;eP~Since the release of the Pew and US Ocean Commissions reports a number of impor      2 ;  ~tant steps 2 IeX~have been taken towards enabling/implementing MSP. Regional ocean governance structures     2 Wea~have emerged, several states have piloted MSP efforts in state waters, and most recently federal s    -^2 fe7~agencies have expressed a willingness to engage in MSP.  -2 `~7 -2 f~How  :2 f~ever, clear authority, guiding 2 te]~principles, and funding are needed in order for MSP be done on a national level with federal   2 e ~standards. 2 ~  2 e~ 2 e\~This paper identifies the goals that MSP can advance; describes the key principles that MSP   52 e~should follow in order to be e2 <~ effective; and outlines a process through which MSP can be   #2 e~operationalized. 2 ~ @Times New Roman-"System-~~~~~~~~~~~~}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}||||||||||՜.+,D՜.+,X hp  The Nature ConservancyL)' Starting point for OC: Title@ 8@ _PID_HLINKSA "http://www.doi.gov/ocs/report.pdf ag#http://www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be/   !"#%&'()*+-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F:_Data $1Table,VWordDocument0FSummaryInformation(XDocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q