ࡱ> \^UVWXYZ[%` -bjbj"x"x @@@t%JJJ^8l^`0&Lr"y(( ($hӦJ3W("y(33Ӧ/ا@>I>I>I3>J>I3>I>Ijч.J P1ͯ;82,H`&Z=dJݍ(N+\>IQ.50(((ӦӦ8B(((`3333^^df$;^^f^^^ TNC Weyerhaeuser Old-growth Refugia Study Forest Structure and Vegetation Field Protocol Liane Davis, Ellsworth Creek Ecologist, The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office Adapted from: Berrryman, S., R. Fahey, and K. Puettmann. 2005. Oregon State University and Bureau of Land Management Field Protocol for the Density Management Study Vegetation Study.  HYPERLINK "http://ocid.nacse.org/nbii/density/pdfFiles/AppendixB_FieldProtocol.pdf" http://ocid.nacse.org/nbii/density/pdfFiles/AppendixB_FieldProtocol.pdf Data file naming system (for dataloggers) Templates of all data forms are stored in the RECON data logger (Veg Templates folder. There will be three templates: PLOT, VEG, and TREES (e.g., PLOT_TEMPLATE1, VEG, TEMPLATE1, TREES_TEMPLATE1). PLOT corresponds to data that is taken at the plot at time of plot establishment. This file is only used when a plot is installed, not on any subsequent revisit to the plot unless there is an extremely unusual circumstance about the plot that needs to be documented (e.g., lots of trash dumped). VEG refers to data taken during the visit to the plot to conduct subplot measurements (e.g., understory vegetation, overstory cover, etc.). TREES refers to data taken during the visit to the plot to conduct full plot measurements (e.g., overstory trees, coarse woody debris, etc.). Immediately upon arrival at a new plot, the crew will open the appropriate template, rename it according to the following system, and save it in the built-in memory storage (to do this, you must select File and Save As) Save in the Veg Data folder!! Data file naming system: ALL IN CAPS!!! IT IS CRITICAL THAT THIS IS DONE CORRECTLY!!! DOUBLE-CHECK!!!!!! Site code - two character code(EC, LI, SC, SN, TS, WY) Age code-one character code (Old-growth = O Regrowth= R) Pair code one character code (A, B, C) see Table 1 and maps [Site code, Age code and Pair code will be the same as the Site Name Abbreviation in Table 1, excluding the hyphen] Plot number - one digit plot number (1, 2, 3, 4) Two letter name of datalogger (ED, AL) Abbreviation for the visit (PLOT, VEG, TREES) Examples: Site EC, old-growth O, pair A, plot number 1, datalogger is'ED', collecting Plot data ECOA1EDPLOT Site SC, regrowth R, pair B, plot number 3, datalogger is AL, collecting overstory tree data SCRB3ALTREES Full 0.1 hectare Plot Establishment Plot location Locate the plot center using GPS, topo maps, and compass. UTM coordinates will be provided for each plot center. Try to get an accurate fix on the point using the GPS unit (<10m EPE is preferred). If you are close to the point (<10m), measure out the distance it specifies at the bearing it specifies and establish the plot center in this location. (NOTE: GPS will never provide exact location in this terrain, so dont waste time trying to get to 0 m from center.) If the GPS satellite reception is low, a location may not be able to be fixed; in this case, locate the point as accurately as possible using topo maps, compass, and a tape (note this in the plot data remarks column). If you are only able to acquire a 2D fix, note this in the GPS comments as well as in the Remarks column of the PLOT data form. Plot installation and general measurements (PLOT) All distances for measuring plots should be slope-corrected (i.e., horizontal distance) using the Haglof Vertex Laser 400 (VL400; hypsometer or laser See Appendix A) or the slope correction table (Table 2; also stored in the data logger). Locate plot center using GPS and/or pacing along an azimuth from known points (using maps and aerial photos for reference). To the extent possible, plots are located and positioned such that the edge of the plot is at least: 100 m from an adjacent plot edge (usually approximated from map) 15 m from the bankfull edge of a perennial stream 5 m from bankfull edge of a non-perennial (seasonal) stream 15 m from the edge of an road (not including skid trails), or 15 m from the edge of another obvious stand edge If the original plot center falls in a stream, it is acceptable to move the plot center out from stream so that the above conditions are met. In some small stands it may not be possible to space plots at least 100m apart. If this occurs, space plots apart as much as possible. Plots should conform to the following conditions: No more than approximately 20% of trees in plot have suffered recent blowdown (trees on ground still have needles/limbs) No more than approximately 25% of trees in plot are red alder (or other hardwood species) - If the previous conditions are not met but a more representative area (conifer dominated, not as affected by blowdown) is nearby, it is acceptable to move the plot to that location. Once plot center is located, mark point in GPS. Save as full Site ID. Site ID consists of: Site Name Abbreviation - plot number V. Refer to Table 1 for all Site Name abbreviations! (e.g., ECO-A-3V) Mark plot center with 1.37 m PVC pipe. (Note: Leave marker in place until plot survey is complete. Once survey is complete, plot markers must be removed from plot unless otherwise specified. Some ownerships may request a specific method of permanent plot marking check with supervisor for specific details.) Record on plot data form at plot center: Site ID Site Name Abbreviation - plot number V. Refer to Table 1 for all Site Name abbreviations! (e.g., TSO-A-1V, TSR-A-1V, ECO-C-2V, ECR-C-3V, SNO-A-2V, etc) site description Refer to Table 1. (e.g., Ellsworth Creek Valley, South Nemah Upland, Smith Creek Upland, etc.). age class (Old-growth, Regrowth) stand pair (A, B, C) plot number (1, 2, 3) month day year Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Examiners 3 and 4 are provided in the event that more people are assisting with the plot survey; these fields are not required UTM coordinates (set up GPS unit immediately upon arrival to the plot) Note the number of satellites Record UTMs from the marked point saved in the GPS waypoint database Record in Remarks any notes on inaccuracy of GPS slope (%); look up and down slope from plot center and average the two aspect (degrees east of north, using 360 for North) elevation (m); record elevation from the marked point saved in the GPS waypoint database physiography code [Table 3; think of this at a small scale (i.e., that which you can see around you). Use nearest ridge or stream as guides.] record remarks, such as disturbances (e.g., old skid trails, excessive blowdown (include approximate percentage of plot that is blowdown), extremely dense vegetation, PCT slash, etc.), nearby stream or road presence, boggy area, or deviations from the protocol. Note if the plot is in or partially in a natural gap (e.g., root rot patch, windthrow patch, etc.) (describe in detail). record % of plot covered in seep/stream. (Record approximate section of plot where stream is in remarks.) If stream or seep is not present in plot, record 0. If stream is nearby but not in plot, also note this in remarks. age; core 2 dominant trees. Count number of tree rings (approximately) and record as age. 0.002 hectare Subplot Establishment Subplot installation and general measurements Install four subplots 9 m (slope-corrected) in each cardinal direction from plot center using the Haglof VL400 (hypsometer or laser - See Appendix A) for measuring horizontal distance or use a measuring tape and correct for slope using the adjustments in Table 2 (also on datalogger). Mark subplot centers with 0.75m PVC. (Note: These are temporary markers; Leave marker in place until plot survey is complete. Once survey is complete, subplot markers must be removed from plot unless otherwise specified.) Subplot Measurements (0.002 hectare plot) (VEG) General remarks Record on subplot data form at the subplot center: Site ID (see previous instruction under Plot Installation) site description (Refer to Table 1; see previous instruction under Plot Installation) age class (Old-growth, Regrowth) stand pair (A, B, C) plot number (1, 2, 3) subplot (N, S, E, W) month day year Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Examiners 3 and 4 are provided in the event that more people are assisting with the plot survey; these fields are not required remarks such as disturbances (e.g., natural gaps, skid trails, road, excessive blow-down, PCT slash, etc.), the presence of water (e.g., seep or stream), or deviations from the sampling protocol. IMPORTANT: record if the subplot is near an edge, like a natural gap, man-made gap, leave island edge. Understory vegetation Divide the subplots into quarter sections using 4 pieces of rope (2.5 m in length) stretched from the subplot center in each cardinal direction. Mark the plot edges with four pin flags. Be sure to slope correct by holding the rope level from the subplot center (may need to use a pin flag to mark slope corrected edge). Each quadrant represents 25% cover of the subplot and is used to calibrate cover estimates. In addition, two field crew members should measure the subplot together (typically each person does half the plot) and regularly calibrate cover estimates amongst each other. Use the ropes to determine the subplot boundary between pin flags. Estimate absolute percent cover for each understory vascular plant species within each subplot. Absolute percent cover does not exceed 100% for any one species. Estimates of absolute cover are made to the closest 1% (e.g., 1%, 17%, 98%, etc.). For plants that are less than 1% cover, record T for trace. Species cover includes all shrub, forb, and fern species. All shrub, forb, and fern species shading the subplot (but not rooted in the subplot) are also included in the cover estimates. Plants do not need to be rooted in the subplot to count towards cover estimates. NOTE: Seedling, sapling, or overstory tree species are not included in species cover estimates. Hardwoods that are considered trees are designated in the Full Plot Measurement section below; all other hardwoods are considered shrubs. Species acronym codes should follow the attached list containing updated species names and acronyms (Table 4; do not use old codes, use the up-to-date codes from the USDA plant database http://plants.usda.gov/). Always attempt to ID plants to species and at the minimum to genus. If impossible, the species can be assigned unknown and should be collected in Ziploc bags for lab identification. If there are < 5 specimens of the plant in the plot and you are NOT ON TNC PROPERTY, do not collect the plant! If on TNC property and < 5 specimens are present, consider identifying it in the field or taking good notes/drawing to avoid collecting rare species. If numerous individuals (>10) are present outside the subplot but only few (<5) are present in the subplot, and collection is necessary for identification, a specimen should be collected from outside the subplot. If a plant is collected, collect the plant with a flower and roots (if possible) and bring it back to the lab for ID (label the plant with plot, subplot, site name, unknown ID assigned to it (e.g., UNK1), and indicate height, percent cover and any other relevant notes that may assist in lab ID). Unknown plants should be recorded as: UNK1, UNK2 , etc., keeping a separate designation for each subplot. Record a brief description of the unknown plant in the remarks field. NOTE: If no understory vegetation is present in the subplot still record the subplot information on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to measure.) Lifeform Absolute percent cover (as described above) is to be determined for the following lifeform groups, cover estimates should not exceed 100% for each group. This cover estimate is made separately from the individual plant species estimates described above. Forbs Shrubs Ferns Grasses/Sedges/Rushes Hardwood trees (e"1.37 m height and e"4.5cm dbh ); any limbs and/or boles of overstory trees shading plot d" 6m. Hardwood tree saplings (e"1.37m height and dbh<4.5cm). Also includes any limbs and/or boles of hardwood saplings shading plot d" 6m. Hardwood tree seedlings (<1.37 m height). Includes seedlings <14.5cm tall that are not counted in the seedling tally. Conifer trees (e"1.37 m height and e" 4.5 cm dbh); any limbs and/or boles (includes tree bases) shading plot d" 6m. Conifer saplings (e"1.37 m height and <4.5cm dbh). Also includes any limbs and/or boles of conifer saplings shading plot d" 6m. Conifer seedlings (<1.37m height). Includes seedlings <14.5 cm in height that are not tallied in the seedling tally (e.g., hemlock seedlings). Moss (ground-dwelling; inclusive of liverworts). Do not include anything that is easily identified as a lichen. Do not try to distinguish among moss/liverworts/hornworts. Do not include moss that is growing on downed logs (unless the log is decayed to the point that it is basically soil) or is otherwise elevated off of the ground (e.g., large rocks, tree bases, etc.). Logs (total small (large end >7.5cm) and large (large end e" 25cm) downed logs (i.e, woody debris); it does not matter if large end is within subplot perimeter. Small woody debris (only counted if large end is > 7.5 cm and < 25 cm and the large end is within the subplot perimeter). Litter; includes all duff (e.g., needles, twigs, and other organic material thats not fully decomposed) and woody debris not included in logs or small woody debris category (try to visualize what plot was like prior to survey disturbance) Stumps (all stumps, including remnants) Rock Bare soil (i.e., exposed mineral soil) In addition, average height (rounded to nearest hundredth of a meter) should be estimated for the following lifeform groups (not individual species!). Plant height does not equal stem length it is measured vertically from the ground, using a height stick for reference. Height should be the average of at least three measurements and should be weighted toward what appears to be the mode for height of the lifeform in the subplot. Forbs Shrubs Ferns Grasses/Sedges/Rushes Seedling and sapling counts All seedlings have a height between 0.15 m and 1.36 m and the center of the seedling bole (at its base) must be in the subplot perimeter to be counted. Count conifer and hardwood seedlings by species within the subplot perimeter (2.5 m radius). All saplings have a height e" 1.37 m in height and diameter < 4.5 cm at breast height and the center of the seedling bole (at breast height) must be in the plot perimeter to be counted. There is no limit on height for the saplings. Count conifer and hardwood saplings by species within the subplot perimeter (2.5m radius) Seedlings and saplings sprouting from tree boles or stumps (i.e., clumps) are counted, but make a note in remarks that they come from a sprouted clump. (NOTE: These can be difficult to count and are somewhat subjective. Generally, a stem that goes straight up is considered a stem rather than a branch.) NOTE: If no seedlings and/or saplings are present in the subplot still record the subplot information on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to measure.) Overstory cover Overstory cover will be measured using a convex densiometer at 5 points in each plot (at each subplot center and the plot center). At each point: Hold the densiometer at approximately 1.37 m off the ground. Be sure that the bubble level is correctly centered and that your head is in the correct position relative to the V grid (Figure 1). Take four readings at each point (upslope, left, downslope, and right) by rotating around the point in a clockwise position, starting upslope. Note: the densiometer will also need to be rotated so that the V grid remains in the correct position. Each time the densiometer is moved, be sure that the bubble level is in the correct position. Count the number of points on the grid covered by vegetation (Figure 1). Values will be between 0 for completely open and 17 for completely covered. Macrolichen Litter Pick-up After completing all understory measurements, collect all macrolichen litter from each subplot. Macrolichens include all foliose, fruticose, and the larger squamulose lichen forms. They do not include crustose lichens. If you are uncertain of the form, collect the sample so that it can be sorted later. Litter should appear to have dropped from the canopy (>2m over ground). Any lichens attached to live trees, snags, stumps, shrubs, logs, rocks, or other stable ground or standing substrate should not be collected. The following rules are used to standardize the collection of litter (McCune, 1994): Fragments less than 2 cm need not be collected; If the epiphyte litter has reestablished it is not collected. In most cases this is easily determined by observing thallus condition, orientation, and attachment to the substrate; If litter is attached to a fallen branch it is picked up unless the branch is attached to other branches with a diameter at its base of more than 10 cm. Thus litter attached to large fallen trees or branches is not collected, regardless of the location of the tree or branch relative to the plot; Litter that is hung up in the understory at a height > 2m above the ground is not collected; Fragments are quickly cleaned as they are bagged. A final cleaning is done in the lab If the litter is largely incorporated into the forest floor (attached by fungal hyphae and partly buried by other litter), it is not collected. Collection time should be a minimum of 2 minutes/subplot and should not exceed 15 minutes/subplot (15 minutes is for two people, one person can take up to 30 minutes) with the exception of extreme circumstances (e.g., heavy blowdown that makes movement in plot difficult). Litter samples should be placed in plastic bags in the field and no.2 paper bags immediately upon return and labeled using permanent marker with the following information: The label must be double checked by the other person before leaving the plot!!!! Site ID (e.g., TSO-A-1V, TSR-A-1V, ECO-C-2V, ECR-C-3V, SNO-A-2V, etc) Subplot (N, S, E, W) Date of collection Examiner Initials Bag __ of ___ (Generally this will be Bag 1 of 1 because all litter from a subplot should be placed in one bag, if possible. If this is not possible due to high litter quantities, be sure to designate the total number of bags used to collect litter from the subplot.) A label containing the same information and recorded on rite-in-rain paper should also be placed inside the bag. (only use pencil on rite-in-rain paper) NOTE: If no lichen litter is collected from a subplot, record NONE PRESENT in the Lichen datasheet! (This helps to later discern between a subplot where the collection was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to collect). In addition, if the time limit is exceeded due to unusual circumstances, document the time taken and the reason. Full 0.1 hectare Plot Measurements (TREES) General remarks Record on Overstory plot data form: Site ID (e.g., TSO-A-1V, TSR-A-1V, ECO-C-2V, ECR-C-3V, SNO-A-2V, etc) site description (Refer to Table 1; see previous instruction under Plot Installation). age class (Old-growth, Regrowth) stand pair (A, B, C) plot number (1, 2, 3) month day year Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Examiners 3 and 4 are provided in the event that more people are assisting with the plot survey; these fields are not required remarks such as disturbances (e.g., natural gaps, skid trails, road, excessive blow-down, PCT slash, etc.), the presence of water (e.g., seep or stream), or deviations from the sampling protocol. IMPORTANT: record if the subplot is near an edge, like a natural gap. Live Trees All live trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) e" 4.5 cm within the 0.1 ha plot are included in the tree survey. Diameter at breast height is measured at 1.37 m above the ground on the uphill side of the tree. Take measurement at dbh. If dbh cannot be taken at 1.37 m, move measurement up or down as necessary, but as little as possible and note change in remarks if more than 10cm off. Trees are considered in the plot boundary, if the center of the tree bole at dbh is within the 17.8 m radius plot (horizontal distance). Clumps of trees (e.g., some hardwoods) are all considered separate stems, as long as the separation is below breast height. Measure each stem in a clump e" 4.5 cm dbh. Similarly, trees that fork below breast height are considered separate stems and should be measured accordingly. For hardwoods, a stem that generally goes straight up is considered a stem rather than a branch. After each tree is measured, mark the tree with chalk to designate that its measurements are complete. Chalk marks should be obviously visible and on the side of the tree facing plot center. (If chalk doesnt work, a small piece of flagging can be used all flagging should be collected once trees are measured) Measurements for each live tree include: tree species identification, record species acronym (see species list for updated species acronyms and for all species that are considered overstory trees; Table 4) diameter at breast height (dbh, centimeters; e.g., 145 cm). crown class (Table 5; Figure 2) healthy tree (yes or no?). Healthy = normally developed tree. Unhealthy = sickly or diseased tree (e.g., bark or needles are sickly or not developed correctly); a damage code must be recorded to indicate the cause of an unhealthy tree or if damage/disease is unknown, indicate unknown damage/disease. A tree can be healthy if damages exist. This is a subjective assessment, but should be consistent among crew members. Generally a tree is deemed healthy unless there is significant loss of foliage or a high percentage of dead foliage (mostly applies to conifers). tree damages if present (Table 6). (NOTE: This is intended to be a general assessment since formal training on this is not provided. Recording of general damage codes is acceptable. If uncertain, note in remarks relevant comments and damage description. If a camera is available, take a photo.) remarks on tree condition (Table 7) (NOTE: Trees grown together (TGT) and trees forked below dbh (FK1) should have separate measurements for each stem > 4.5 cm dbh. Trees with these condition codes that have adjoining stems that are < 4.5 cm dbh should be noted in remarks (e.g., TGT w/ a sapling). Also, if fork has been cut (e.g., during pre-commercial thinning), do not classify as FK1. record any other information that may be relevant to the tree in the remarks file on the datalogger (e.g., description of damage if cause is unknown) Notes on measuring old-growth trees Old-growth trees can be difficult to measure. Often, dbh is in a buttressed area of the trunk. For the purposes of this study, this is an acceptable measurement. If the tree is obviously two trees that have fused together, measure or estimate each tree separately. If a tree of another species is fused onto the side of an old-growth tree, make the best estimate possible for both trees. In some cases, large trees may grow as epiphytes on other trees. If the base of the tree is high in the canopy and cannot be reached for measurement, but is visible, make an estimate of the diameter and record a description of the circumstances in the remarks. Possible hardwood trees for plots include (all other hardwoods are considered shrubs and are not measured!): ACMA3 bigleaf maple ALRU2 red alder ARME Pacific madrone ACCI vine maple FRPU7 cascara or Purshs buckthorn (formerly Rhamnus purshiana) SALIX spp. willow species MAFU Oregon crab apple NOTE: If no live trees are present in the plot, still record the plot information on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to measure.) Dwarf mistletoe survey A dwarf mistletoe survey is done for a subset of ten live western hemlock trees (e" 14.5 cm dbh) within the plot (NOTE: if mistletoe is present on the tree, the tree must have received a damage code of 300). Select trees systematically after all live trees have been measured. Tally the total number of western hemlock trees > 14.5 cm dbh in the plot and divide that number by 10. This will tell you how many trees to skip over between surveys. For example, if 100 live western hemlocks are measured on a plot, survey every 10th live western hemlock (until 10 are measured). Similarly, if 30 live western hemlocks are measured on a plot, survey every 3rd live western hemlock in order around the plot. If less than 10 western hemlocks are present, then survey all live western hemlock trees on the plot. Since there are no tag numbers to facilitate the systematic process, simply start the survey by selecting the first western hemlock tree visible from plot center (this does not have to be at a specific location in the plot; any western hemlock in the plot can be the first tree). After surveying the first tree, mark it with chalk (or flagging) a second time to avoid resurveying it (recording a number on each tree may be helpful). Select the next western hemlock tree to be surveyed by walking clock-wise around the plot and counting off western hemlock trees (marked with the different color chalk or symbol) until you get to the next tree to be surveyed (e.g., the 7th tree). If you get the whole way around the plot and do not have 10 trees because trees were skipped throughout the plot, simply pick the next western hemlock available. Dwarf mistletoe surveys are done following the instructions illustrated in Figure 3. Use binoculars to survey the tree as illustrated. If a tree canopy is entirely obscured, go to the next western hemlock in the plot. If sections of tree are difficult to see or if binoculars cannot be used (e.g., due to rain), note in remarks column. In the dataloggers, for each live western hemlock tree, record: the infection rating for the lower 1/3 of the live crown the infection rating for the middle 1/3 of the live crown the infection rating for the upper 1/3 of the live crown the cumulative infection rating for the tree (add the previous three ratings) NOTE: If no western hemlocks are present in the plot, still record the plot information on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to measure.) Live Tree Height Height and height to live crown are only measured for a subset of trees (>1.37m height, >4.5cm dbh): Up to 3 conifer trees of each species in each crown class and 1 hardwood tree of each species in each crown class (if present). As much as possible, height measurements should be done in conjunction with dbh measurements. After a tree is measured, mark the tree with a distinguishable chalk mark or flagging so it is not remeasured for height. Each time a new species is encountered within a new crown class, its height and height to live crown are measured at the same time as its dbh. Leaning trees should not be measured unless no straight trees of similar species/size class are present. If a leaning tree is the only available tree for a particular species/crown class, be sure to follow measurement instructions below. Measure total tree height using the Haglof VL400 (hypsometer or laser - See Appendix A). Record to nearest tenth of a meter (e.g., 10.1 m). (NOTE: transponder should be placed at breast height to get consistent height measurements.) For a leaning tree, height is recorded by holding transponder at breast height under the top of the tree. For a leaning tree, angle of lean (in degrees) must also be recorded! Hold hypsometer against upper side of tree (side opposite the side closest to the ground) to get angle and record angle in remarks. Measure height to live crown using the Haglof VL400 (hypsometer or laser See Appendix A). Height to live crown is the height at which the crown covers 2/3 of the tree bole. Record to nearest tenth of a meter (e.g., 10.1 m). NOTE: If no live trees are present in the plot still record the plot information on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasn t anything to measure.) Snags Measure all snags e" 4.5 cm dbh within the 0.1 ha plot. Snags are standing dead trees > 1.37 m tall and e" 4.5 cm dbh on the uphill side that cannot be identified as a stump (remnant old-growth stumps are not considered snags). Logs leaning at < 45 degree angle to the ground and large remnant stumps should not be measured as snags these will be counted as large woody debris and/or stumps (see below). After each snag is measured, mark the snag with chalk to designate that its measurements are complete. Snag measurements include: tree species identification (see species list, Table 4); if tree identification is not possible, then assign TREED for unknown hardwoods, TREEC for unknown conifers, or as a last resort, TREE for unknown tree diameter at breast height (dbh, centimeters; e.g., 146 cm) total height, measured with the Haglof VL400 (hypsometer or laser - See Appendix A). (Record to nearest tenth of a meter [e.g., 5.1 m]) For a leaning snag, height is recorded by holding transponder at breast height under the top of the snag. decay condition class (Table 8) wildlife usage (Table 9) NOTE: If no snags are present in the plot still record the plot information on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to measure.) Large coarse woody debris Large coarse woody debris (LCWD) is measured along four directional transects, connecting the centers of the 0.002 hectare subplots. Transects are named (IMPORTANT: DO NOT SWITCH ORDER OF DIRECTION NAMES (e.g., do not record E-N INSTEAD OF N-E): N-E N-W S-E S-W Logs that intercept these transects are recorded if the log is > 25 cm in diameter at the point of interception. Minimum log length is 30 cm. Logs at > 45 degree angle above the ground are not considered down woody debris (these are measured as snags see above). (NOTE: roots and rootwads do not count as LCWD). If a log is forked so that two or more pieces cross the transect, each piece is counted separately (see Figure 4). A large (>25cm) limb that crosses the transect is counted but the bowl that it is attached to is not counted. Measure the limb only up to the point where the limb meets the bowl (see Figure 4). A log can also cross multiple transects. It is counted separately for each transect that it crosses. Measurements for logs counted as large coarse woody debris include: tree species identification; if tree identification is not possible, then assign TREED for unknown hardwoods, TREEC for unknown conifers, or as a last resort, TREE for unknown tree piece type: this will be log for any LCWD that is not considered a stump (see below) diameter (centimeters) at the point where the log intercepts the transect, measured with calipers decay condition class (Table 10) Stumps are also included in the LWD survey. Stumps are <1.37 m tall (measured on the uphill side) and e" 4.5 cm at the point of separation; however, remnant stumps can exceed the height of 1.37 m when it is obvious they were harvested or felled due to  natural causes (i.e., old-growth remnant stumps). Stumps are either new man-made stumps from harvest, original old-growth harvest, or natural stumps from blow down or natural mortality. Stumps are measured if the transect line crosses any part of the stump (including large roots extruding from buttress) Measurements for stumps counted as large coarse woody debris include: tree species identification (see species list, Table 4); if tree identification is not possible, then assign TREED for unknown hardwoods, TREEC for unknown conifers, or as a last resort, TREE for unknown tree piece type: stump stump diameter (centimeters) measured at the top of the stump using a tape, calipers, or folding ruler, if the stump is not symmetrical, then estimate the diameter that best represents the stump size (measure the longest diameter and the diameter perpendicular to it, average them for an estimate). Unlike the log measurements, this measurement does not have to be done at the point where the line intersects it (the line only indicates that the stump should be measured) height (centimeters), the point at which the main stem was severed on the uphill side measured using the tape, calipers, or folding ruler (if the cut or break is uneven, average the height by ocular estimation) decay condition class (Table 10) Record code for cause of stump formation (Table 11; if other is selected, describe in remarks column). NOTE: If no large coarse woody debris is present on a transect and/or all transects in the plot still record the plot information and each separate transect on the datasheet and record None in the Species column and comment in the Remarks column! (This helps to later discern between a plot where this measurement was skipped versus one where there wasnt anything to measure.) References Anon. 1995. Dwarf Mistletoe Management Guidebook. BC Ministry of Forests. Queens Printer for British Columbia, Victoria B.C. 20 pp. McCune, B. 1994. Using epiphyte litter to estimate epiphyte biomass. The Bryologist. 97(4): 396-401. Natural Resource Inventory Oregon/Washington Bureau of Land Management. 2002. Inventory & Monitoring System: Current Vegetation Survey Field Procedures. USDI. Version BLM 4.0 2/20/2002. 217 pp. USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5  HYPERLINK "http://plants.usda.gov/" (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner.  HYPERLINK "http://plants.usda.gov/npdc.usda.gov/" \t "_blank" National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA Tables and Figures Table 1. Stand type, description, age, pair, and , and site name abbreviation assignments. Stand TypeSite DescriptionOwnership1Age ClassPairSite Name AbbreviationSpruce/Hemlock - floodplain terraceEllsworth Creek ValleyTNCOld-growthAECO-ASpruce/Hemlock - floodplain terraceEllsworth Creek ValleyTNCRegrowthAECR-ACedar/Hemlock upland east aspectEllsworth Creek EastTNCOld-growthBECO-BCedar/Hemlock upland east aspectEllsworth Creek EastTNCRegrowthBECR-BCedar/Hemlock upland west aspect, steepEllsworth Creek WestTNCOld-growthCECO-CCedar/Hemlock upland west aspect, steepEllsworth Creek WestTNCRegrowthCECR-CSpruce/Hemlock floodplain terraceSmith Creek ValleyDNROld-growthASCO-ASpruce/Hemlock floodplain terraceSmith Creek ValleyWNWRRegrowthASCR-ASruce/Cedar/Hemlock upland west aspectSmith Creek UplandDNROld-growthBSCO-BSpruce/Cedar/Hemlock upland west aspectSmith Creek UplandTNCRegrowthBSCR-BSpruce/Cedar/Hemlock upland northwest aspect, gentle slopeSouth Nemah UplandDNROld-growthASNO-ASpruce/Cedar/Hemlock upland northwest aspect, gentle slopeSouth Nemah UplandDNRRegrowthASNR-ASpruce/Cedar/Hemlock upland gentle slopeTeal Slough UplandWNWROld-growthATSO-ASpruce/Cedar/Hemlock upland gentle slopeTeal Slough UplandWNWRRegrowthATSR-ASpruce/Cedar/Hemlock lowlandLong Island LowlandWNWROld-growthALIO-ASpruce/Cedar/Hemlock lowlandLong Island LowlandWNWRRegrowthALIR-ADoug-fir/Cedar/Hemlock upland S/SE aspectWeyco SouthWeycoOld-growthAWYO-ADoug-fir/Hemlock upland SE aspectWeyco SouthWeycoRegrowthAWYR-ADoug-fir/Cedar-Hemlock upland N/NE aspectWeyco NorthWeycoOld-growthBWYO-BDoug-fir/Hemlock upland N/NE aspectWeyco NorthWeycoRegrowthBWYR-BDoug-fir/Cedar-Hemlock upland N aspectWeyco North2WeycoOld-growthCWYO-CDoug-fir/Hemlock upland N/NE aspectWeyco North2WeycoRegrowthCWYR-C1 TNC: The Nature Conservancy; DNR: Washington Department of Natural Resources; WNWR: Willapa National Wildlife Refuge; Weyco: Weyerhaeuser, Inc. Table 2. Slope correction table for 9, 10, 17.8, and 20 meters (use 9m corrections for subplot establishment and 17.8m corrections for full plot establishment). Slope (%)9m10m17.8m20.0m59.010.017.820.0109.010.017.920.1159.110.118.020.2209.210.218.220.4259.310.318.320.6309.410.418.620.9359.510.618.921.2409.710.819.221.5459.911.019.521.95010.111.219.922.45510.311.420.322.86010.511.720.823.36510.711.921.223.97011.012.221.724.47511.312.522.325.08011.512.822.825.68511.813.123.426.29012.113.523.926.99512.413.824.627.610012.714.125.228.310513.114.525.829.011013.414.926.529.711513.715.227.130.512014.115.627.831.212514.416.028.532.013014.816.429.232.813515.116.829.933.614015.517.230.634.414515.917.631.435.215016.218.032.136.1 Table 3. Physiography codes (Natural Resource Inventory, USDI 2002). When determining physiographic code, think of small scale area where plot is located relative to surrounding, visible terrain features (e.g., nearby ridges, streams). CodeDefinition1Ridgetop or mountain peak over 40 m wide, flat2Narrow ridgetop or peak less than 40 m wide, convex3Sidehill upper 1/3, convex4Sidehill -- middle 1/3, no rounding5Sidehill -- lower 1/3, concave6Canyon bottom less than 200 m wide, concave7Bench, terrace or dry flat; flat8Broad alluvial flat over 200 m wide, flat9Swamp or wet flat; flat Table 4. Species List with USDA acronyms, USDA scientific names, and common names (ATTACHED IN SEPARATE EXCEL SPREADSHEET)  Figure 1. Modified convex densiometer for overstory cover measurement. Schematic of a modified convex densiometer (Strickler 1959) used for measuring overstory canopy cover. Note the proper positioning of the bubble level and the location of the head reflected at the apex of the V. Table 5. Crown classes for live trees. ClassDescriptionStand Component Definition1open growndominantTrees with crowns that received full light from above and from all sides throughout most of its life, particularly during its early developmental period. 2dominantdominantTrees with crown extending above the general level of the crown cover and receiving full light from above and partly from the sides. These trees are taller than the average trees in the stand and their crowns are well developed, but they could be somewhat crowded on the sides. Also, trees whose crowns have received full light from above and from all sides during early development and most of their life. Their crown form or shape appears to be free of influence from neighboring trees. 3co-dominantdominantTrees with crowns at the general level of the crown canopy. Crowns receive full light from above but little direct sunlight penetrates their sides. Usually they have medium-sized crowns and are somewhat crowded from the sides. In stagnated stands, co-dominant trees have small-sized crowns and are crowded on the sides. 4intermediatedominantTrees that are shorter than dominants and co-dominant, but their crowns extend into the canopy of co-dominant and dominant trees. They receive little direct light from above and none from the sides. As a result, intermediates usually have small crowns and are very crowded from the sides. 5overtopped/suppresseddominantTrees with crowns entirely below the general level of the crown canopy that receive no direct sunlight either from above or the sides. 6remnant/predominantpre-dominantTree in current stand that is an obvious remnant from previous stand (e.g., old-growth remnant).  Figure 2. Examples of crown classes  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/tasb/legsregs/fpc/fpcguide/dwarf/fig5.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 3. The Hawksworth six-class dwarf mistletoe rating system (Anon. 1995). Table 6. Damage codes used for live trees. CodeDescriptionComments001Cause unknown010Bark beetle, generalSmall pitch tubes (if present); boring dust at base of tree; yellowing and graying of crowns; foliage loss100Defoliator Insect200Other insect; general300Dwarf mistletoeSwellings at infection sites; presence of witchs brooms (variously shaped clumps of branches)400Stem-branch cankerDead or dying branches; swelling of stem or trunk leading to development of canker; resin production near site of infection460Stem decay; general550 560Foliar disease; general Swiss needle cast  Chlorotic needles in early spring; retention of only 1-2 years worth of needle growth versus the typical 3-4; poor height and diameter growth; generally does not kill tree600Root disease; general650Laminated root rot Chlorotic thinning of foliage; reduced shoot growth; distress cones; tends to kill trees in pockets700Animal damage; general710Mountain beaverClipping or gnawing of stems near base; typically only in younger plantations (<4 years) or young stands (10-20) that have been thinned; burrows generally evident nearby730Deer or elk740PorcupinesGnawed bark; girdling of smaller trees or debarking of upper stem/large branches of large saplings to mature trees750Rodents760Beaver770BearPeeling of bark on trunk (may often girdle tree completely)780Human (not logging)800Weather, general810Windthrow/breakage820Snow/ice bend-break830Frost on shoots840Winter desiccation850Drought/Heat860Sun scaldOccurs in winter when temps. Warm during day but drop below freezing at night; elongated canker, usually on southwest side of tree; generally thin barked species (e.g., maple) 870Lightning strike910Logging injury920Fire scars960Broken/missing top970Dead topTable 7. Tree condition remarks. CodeConditionCL Tree in hardwood clumpFK1Forked below DBHFK2Forked above DBHLELeaning treeTGTTrees grown togetherWTNWindthrown tree Table 8. Decay condition class for snags. CodeDescription1limbs and bark intact, heartwood decay minor, no sapwood decay, top breakage may be present 2bark is 50% loose or missing, small limbs are missing, heartwood decay-none to advanced, sapwood decay-none to incipient, top breakage may be present, bole form is intact 3bark is 75% missing, most limbs are missing, heartwood decay-incipient to advanced, sapwood decay-none to 25%, approximately 1/3 top breakage, bole is mostly intact 4bark is 75% missing, most limbs are missing, heartwood decay-incipient to advanced, sapwood decay- > 25%, top breakage is 1/3 to 1/2, bole is losing form 5bark is 75% missing, no limbs present, heartwood decay is advanced to crumbly, sapwood decay is 50% to advanced, top breakage is 1/2 or more, bole form is mostly lost Table 9. Wildlife usage codes for snags. CodeDescription0no excavations1excavations 2.5 15 centimeters2excavations > 15 centimeters Table 10. Decay condition class for stumps and coarse woody debris. CodeDescription1limbs and bark intact, round shape, texture intact, original color of wood 2limbs missing, bark intact, texture intact to soft, round shape, original color of wood 3no bark or limbs, advanced decay where texture is hard or large pieces, round shape, original color of wood is faded, bole is on the ground 4losing form, no bark or limbs, texture is soft to blocky pieces, round or oval shape, color of wood is light brown to faded brown, bowl is partially below the ground 5no form, no limbs or bark, texture is soft and powdery, oval shape, color of wood is faded to light yellow or gray, bole is mostly below ground   Figure 4. Examples of coarse woody debris tally. Table 11. Codes for cause of stump formation. CodeCause1Harvest / PCT2Blowdown / Windthrow3Beaver4Other5Unknown  Appendix A Using the Vertex Laser 400 (VL400): The VL400 can be used to measure distances and heights. There are two methods for obtaining these measurements: (1) the laser and (2) the hypsometer (i.e., ultrasound or Vertex). The laser will work best in unobstructed terrain, but you must have a clear shot to the object (i.e., tree bole) to use it. In addition, you must be at least 10m from the tree to get an accurate measurement using the laser. However, in open terrain, the laser has a range of at least 350m. The hypsometer will work better in thick, heavily vegetated terrain. It does not have a minimum distance to an object, but its maximum range is more limited than the laser (>30m in open terrain)). The hypsometer is also sensitive to changes in ambient conditions (e.g., temperature and humidity). The hypsometer should be given at least 10 minutes to adjust to ambient conditions (e.g., after getting out of the truck) before use. It should also be given at least 10 minutes to adjust to ambient conditions prior to calibration. The hypsometer should be calibrated prior to use every day, unless weather patterns remain fairly consistent. In addition, the hypsometer should be calibrated if weather changes occur throughout the day (e.g., the day starts with a cool, foggy morning but clears and warms by afternoon). General Operating Instructions: The VL 400 is turned on by pressing the Mode button. The VL400 is turned off by pressing the Shift and Mode buttons together. Scroll through the menu options by pressing the Shift button. A menu option can be selected by pressing the Mode button. To clear out of one function and return to the menu, press the Shift and Mode buttons together (pressing the Shift and Mode together again will turn the VL 400 off). The laser is turned on by pressing the Power button. The hypsometer is turned on and off by holding the transponder directly in front of the VL400 and holding the Shift button (the VL400 needs to be off for this to work). When turned on, youll hear 2 beeps. When turned off, youll hear 4 beeps. After turning the transponder on or off, the transponder screen will remain on the VL400. This can be cleared by pressing the Shift and Mode buttons together. Calibrating the hypsometer: Turn the transponder on. Measure out 10 meters. Turn on the VL 400 by pressing the Mode button. Use the Shift button to scroll through the menu until you reach the Calibrate function. Aim the VL400 at the transponder and select the Calibrate function by pressing the Mode button._ When 10m appears on the display screen, it is calibrated. Measuring heights (or distances) with the laser: Make sure that you have a clear shot to the tree bole and that you are at least 10 m from the tree. Turn the VL400 on by pressing the Mode button. Turn the laser on by pressing the Power button Use the Shift button to scroll through the menu until you get to the Height 3P function. Select the Height 3P function by pressing Mode. ***(IF THE TREE IS LEANING, USE THE HEIGHT 2PL FUNCTION. 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7$8$H$gd()45UZN & F 7$8$EƀʦH$gdtN & F 7$8$EƀʦH$gdt 7$8$H$gdt McN & F 7$8$EƀʦH$gdtN & F 7$8$EƀʦH$gdtM(cN & F 7$8$EƀʦH$gdtN & F 7$8$EƀʦH$gdtU+,.]xyGHLUTY\\`d5&_`acdfgijlhxjhxUhtht5CJaJ ht6\UhM9*ht>*\hM9*ht6\hM9*ht\h`uYht\ ht\F(ZN & F7$8$Eƀʦ .H$gdt 7$8$H$gdtN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ H$gdt 9cN & F7$8$Eƀʦ .H$gdtN & F7$8$Eƀʦ .H$gdt9cN & F7$8$Eƀʦ .H$gdtN & F7$8$Eƀʦ .H$gdt,-._ZN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdt 7$8$H$gdtN & F7$8$Eƀʦ .H$gdt!cN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdtN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdt!zcN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdtN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdtIcN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdtN & F 7$8$Eƀʦ.H$gdthe Mode button down until a beep goes off, then release the Mode button. Aim at the top of the tree and hold the Mode button down until a beep goes off, then release the Mode button. The height is now displayed. More heights of the same tree can be taken by repeating step 8 (it is recommended that you take at least 3 heights to ensure that you are getting consistent measurements).. To measure the next tree, press the Mode and Shift buttons together, select the Height 3P function by pressing the Mode button, and repeat steps 6-9. Measuring heights (or distances) with the hypsometer (Vertex): Make sure that the hypsometer is calibrated (see above). If the transponder is not already on, turn the transponder on by holding it directly in front of the VL400 and holding the Shift button down until you hear 2 beeps. Turn on the VL400 by pressing the Mode button (you may need to hold Shift and Mode together to first clear the transponder screen and then press the Mode button). Use the Shift button to scroll through the menu until you get to the Height 2P function. Select the Height 2P function by pressing the Mode button. You will likely see a Manual Distance screen. You want to be sure not to select this (which will happen if you give a quick press to the Mode button). Instead, aim at the transponder with the hypsometer (Vertex) sight and hold down the Mode button until you hear a beep, indicating that the horizontal distance has been measured. Aim at the top of the object with the Vertex sight and press Mode until a short beep goes off, then release the Mode button. The height will be displayed on the screen. More heights of the same tree can be taken by repeating step 7 (it is recommended that you take at least 3 heights to ensure that you are getting consistent measurements). To measure the next tree, press the Mode and Shift buttons together, select the Height 2P function by pressing the Mode button, and repeat steps 6-8. BE SURE TO TURN THE TRANSPONDER OFF WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED TO SAVE THE BATTERY! ****NOTE: If conditions will not permit the use of the laser or the hypsometer to get a horizontal distance measurement, the VL400 can still be used to generate height measurements by measuring out the horizontal distance as accurately as possible using a tape and entering in the horizontal distance manually (See Height 2P Manual Distance in the VL400 manual).     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