аЯрЁБс>ўџ 46ўџџџ3џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС%` №Пbjbj"x"x 4@@ џџџџџџЄЈЈЈЈЈЈЈМdddd p МЭюˆˆˆˆˆcccLNNNNNN$Лh#DrЈс ccс с rЈЈˆˆл‡EEEс "ЈˆЈˆLEс LEEРЈЈ ˆ| рхзЮиqЩd"и00Эр,g%g gЈ $cŽё E фё №cccrr; cccЭс с с с МММ$р„МММрМММЈЈЈЈЈЈџџџџ Tools for determining environmental flows for riparian vegetation: an introduction to riparian vegetation-flow response guilds David M. Merritt, US Forest Service SUMMARY Riparian vegetation composition, structure and cover are governed to a large degree by river flow regime and flow-mediated fluvial processes. River flow regime exerts selective pressures on riparian vegetation, resulting in adaptations (trait syndromes) to specific flow attributes. Widespread alteration of river flow regimes by humans has resulted in shifts in riparian vegetation. Some of the negative effects of altered flow regimes on vegetation may be reversed through the restoration of key components of river flow regime. A number of models have been developed that quantitatively relate components of river flow regime to attributes of riparian vegetation at the individual, population, community levels. Predictive models range from simple statistical relationships, to more complex stochastic matrix population models and dynamic simulation models. In a review of dozens of predictive models, I found that most treat one or a few species, have many simplifying assumptions such as stable channel form, and most do not specify the time-scale of response. In many cases, these models are very effective in developing alternative river flow management plans for specific river reaches or segments, however most of them are not directly transferable to other rivers or other regions. A primary goal in community ecology is to develop general frameworks for prediction of vegetation response to changing environmental conditions. The development of riparian vegetation flow response guilds offers such a framework for incorporation of information from rivers for which flow standards have been developed to maintain attributes of the vegetation to rivers for which little or no information is available. We organize riparian plants into non-phylogenetic groupings of species with shared traits that are related to components of hydrologic regime: life history, reproductive strategy, morphology, adaptations to fluvial disturbance, and adaptations to water availability. Plants from any river may be grouped into these functional guilds and related to hydrologic attributes of a specific class of river using probabilistic response curves. The probabilistic models produced enable prediction of the likelihood of each of the response guilds given projected changes in flow, facilitating an examination of trade-offs and risks associated with various management strategies. Riparian response guilds may be decomposed to the species level for individual projects or used to develop flow management guidelines for regional water management plans. Collaborators: David M. Merritt, US Forest Service Stream Systems Technology Center, Fort Collins, Colo. 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