Patterns and processes of freshwater ecosystems are generated and maintained by the climate and the landscapes in which they exist. Many patterns and processes change in a predictive sequence from headwaters to the mouth of large rivers and within lakes. Understanding natural patterns and processes is critical to setting conservation objectives at any scale. Alterations to climate, landscapes and direct impacts to aquatic habitats can have significant deleterious impacts on natural patterns and processes. We will present an overview of the factors that control natural patterns and processes, and how these can be taken into account in conservation planning. Speakers include Jonathan Higgins (TNC).